Family caregivers are critical partners in the plan and provision of care for patients with various acute and chronic illnesses. Due to the sudden onset and unpredictable outcome of stroke, the caregivers are usually unprepared to deal with its associated problems. The present study aimed to assess the strain among the caregivers of stroke survivors. A total of 53 primary caregivers of the patients with stroke were conveniently selected. Only one member per family was interviewed and their strain of caring for the patients was evaluated by using Modified Caregiver Strain Index. Katz index was used to assess the functional status of the patients. The mean age of patients was 54.94 ± 16.94 with the range of 13-80 years. Most of the patients were male (77.4%). 90.6% of the patients were fully dependent and only 9.5% were partially dependent. 43.4% of the caregivers were son of the patients and nearly half of them (49.1%) were between 21-40 years of age. Majority of the caregivers (73.5%) experienced severe strain of care. More the dependency level of the patients, higher was the level of strain amongst the caregivers.
Bone marrow examination is commonly used in the evaluation of hemato-oncological disorders and in patients with cancer of solid organs to detect metastases. This study reviews clinical, hematological and pathological data of nine cases with bone marrow metastases from solid tumors. The significance of bilateral bone marrow aspirations and biopsy has also been highlighted. Out of 784 bone marrow aspirations performed during a 69 months period, 9 patients showed metastatic bone marrow involvement. Fever (4), generalised weakness (5), loss of appetite (4) and loss of weight (4) were the main symptoms. Anemia (7) was the main hematological finding. Bilateral involvement was present in all but one patient. Fibrosis was also a significant finding on biopsy. Relevant literature review was also done. Bilateral bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are an effective and cheap method for evaluating metastatic bone marrow tumors.
Molecular epidemiology is progressively a vast area of research and now molecular biology techniques have become increasingly integrated into the practice of infectious disease epidemiology. By definition molecular epidemiology is molecular strain-typing or we can say fingerprinting techniques regardless any epidemiologic application. Molecular is basically the use of the techniques of molecular biology and the epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease occurrence in human populations. The benefits and challenges of applying these techniques to disease and their affected host is the core which gets served by molecular epidemiologist.
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