Spatial analysis is currently a popular research tool, particularly in studies that focus on soil properties, and it is important for a comprehensive presentation of results by means of spatial statistics techniques. Spatial autocorrelation determines a degree of relationship between variables for two specific spatial units (locations). This relationship is reflected by spatial dependence of investigated soil properties. Moran's I was used as a measure of spatial autocorrelation. Positive spatial autocorrelation was determined for soil salinity (electrical conductivity) and temperature. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify the factors affecting spatial correlation of electrical conductivity (EC) and temperature in farmland and forest-covered areas. A model of artificial neural network was based on salinity, as salinity reduces the amount of nutrients and soil temperature, thus inhibiting plant root growth. Our study revealed that the most effective parameters determining soil temperature were EC and moisture content. The best results in the EC model were achieved for soil moisture content, temperature, and soil texture. Both soil parameters were impacted by catchment land use. Spatial analysis of soil properties and identification of factors affecting their diversity may be helpful in determining proper land use -particularly of sustainable agricultural practices in mountain areas.
Runoff erosion is an important theme in hydrological investigations. Models assessing soil erosion are based on various algorithms that determine the relief coefficient using rasterized digital elevation models (DEMs). For evaluation of soil loss, the most-used model worldwide is the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation), where the most essential part is the LS parameter, which is, in turn, generated from two parameters: L (slope length coefficient) and S (slope inclination). The most significant limitation of LS is the difficulty in obtaining the data needed to generate detailed DEMs. We investigated three popular data generation methods: aerial photographs (AP), aerial laser scanning (ALS), and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) by assessing the quality and effect of DEMs generated from each method over an area of 40 m × 200 m in Silesia, Poland. Additionally, the relationship between particular LSUSLE parameter components was carried out based on its final distribution. Our results show that resolution strongly influences DEMs and the LSUSLE parameters. We found a strong relationship between the degree of height data resolution and the accuracy level of the calculated parameters. Based on our investigations we confirmed the highest influence on the LSUSLE came from the S parameter. Additionally, we concluded that in examinations over large areas, terrestrial laser scanners are not ideal; the benefits of their additional accuracy are outweighed by the additional time and labor consumption; in addition, terrestrial-based scans are sometimes not possible due to ground obstacles the limited scope of most lasers. Aerial photographs or point clouds generated by aerial laser scanners are sufficient for most purposes connected with surface flow, and further developments can be based on the use of these techniques for obtaining ground information for modeling erosion processes.
Streszczenie. Ludzka działalność to obecnie obok zmian klimatycznych podstawowy czynnik zagrażający terenom bagiennym na całym świecie. Główne zagrożenia to zabiegi odwadniające oraz eksploatacja złóż torfowych. Na negatywną działalność człowieka w sposób szczególny narażone są ekosystemy wrażliwe, do jakich niewątpliwie należą torfowiska, szczególnie typu wysokiego. Głównymi komponentami tych ekosystemów są rośliny stenotopowe, co w znaczący sposób wpływa na ich podatność na szybką degradację. Nawet niewielkie zmiany w hydrologii złoża wywołują daleko posunięte zmiany w składzie i strukturze zbiorowisk roślinnych. Zmiany te powodują z kolei zakłócenia w przebiegu procesu torfotwórczego. Dlatego niezmiernie ważne jest, aby na obszarach poddanych silnej antropopresji poznać aspekty funkcjonowania tych cennych ekosystemów.Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena stanu procesu torfotwórczego na jednym z torfowisk Kotliny Orawsko-Nowotarskiej. Badania z wykorzystaniem metody kanadyjskiej opracowanej przez Rochefort i in. [1997] zostały przeprowadzone na torfowisku Baligówka. Na badanym obiekcie największym średnim stopniem pokrycia odznaczają się rośliny naczyniowe (49,9%), nieco mniejszym mchy torfowce (46,76%). Najmniejszy obszar, zaledwie 2,28%, zajmują tzw. pozostałe mchy. Badania wykazały duże różnice w przebiegu procesu torfotwórczego w 3 wyróżnionych strefach badawczych. Najniższym stopniem pokrycia przez najważniejszą grupę roślin -mchy torfowce -wykazała się strefa poeksploatacyjna (31,28%). Najlepsze warunki do rozwoju roślinności torfotwórczej panują w centralnej części kopuły, która zachowała stosunkowo naturalny charakter.
The investigations were carried out on a loess slope in the Brzeźnica village, in the Rudnik commune. Nine points were chosen, in which particular parameters being parts of the examined models, were determined. On the basis of the literature, eight models for the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) erodibility factor determination were designated. The chosen models were the ones proposed by: Wishmeier, Monchareonm, Torii et al. and Walker (all based on texture and organic matter content, Wischmeier and Smith (based on texture organic matter content and additionally on aggregate classes), Wiliams et al. (based on texture and organic carbon content), Renard et al. as well as Stone and Hilborn (both based only on texture). The investigated site was characterized as well. The statistical conclusions were drawn and the obtained results were compared with the results presented in the literature.
On one hand, direct methods of measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity coefficient are time consuming, and on the other hand, laboratory methods are cost consuming. That is why the popularity of empirical methods has increased. Their main advantages are speed of calculations and low costs. Comparison of various empirical methods (pedotransfer functions) for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity coefficient was the purpose of this work. The methods used were Shepard’s, Hazen’s, USBR (United States Bureau of Reclamation), Saxton et al.’s, Kozeny–Carman’s, Krüger’s, Terzaghi’s, Chapuis’s, Sheelheim’s, Chapuis’, and NAVFAC (Naval Facilities Engineering Command) methods. Calculations were carried out for the soil samples of differential texture. The obtained results shows the methods used for the determination of permeability coefficient differ considerably. Mean values obtained by analysed methods fluctuated between 0.0006 and 12.0 m·day−1. The results of calculations by the chosen methods were compared with the results of the laboratory method. The best compatibility with laboratory method was obtained by using the Terzaghi method.
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