This paper presented the transformation of a golf cart system powered lead acid battery into an environmental friendly hybrid vehicle. The design developed by using an advantage contributes by the uprising alternative power source candidate which is Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) and the maintenance free energy storage device, a supercapacitor (SC). The fuel cell (FC) stack was an in house manufactured with 450 W (36 V, 12.5 A) power, while the SC was from Maxwell Technologies (48 V, 165 F). This two power sources were controlled by the mechanical relay, meanwhile the reactant (hydrogen) are control by mass flow controller (MFC) both signaled by a National Instrument (NI) devices. The power management controller are programmed in the LabVIEW environment and then downloaded to the NI devices. The experimental result of the power trend was compared before and after the transformation with the same route to validate the effectiveness of the proposed power management strategy. The power management successfully controls the power sharing between power sources and satisfies the load transient. While the reactant control managed to vary the hydrogen mass flow rate feed according to the load demand in vehicular applications.
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising clean energy conversion devices, whereas polybenzimidazole (PBI) polymer consider the potential electrolyte membrane for high temperature. In this study, solid polymer electrolyte membranes were studied the physiochemical occurrences such as proton conductivity, ion transfer number, oxidative stability, tensile strength, TGA, and FTIR analysis. The PBI copolymer-1 was shown the maximum proton conductivity (6.52 mS/cm) and ion transfer number (0.9723) compared with the PBI copolymer-2 and Nafion specimens. Based on AFM results, the PBI copolymer-1 had low surface roughness and remarkable grain number which favorable for ion conductivity. Despite that, it had excellent chemical stability in terms of Fenton solution and maximum weight loss measured at 4.5% after treated 200 h. The PBI copolymer-1 had high thermal and mechanical strengths that demonstrated in tensile test and TGA analysis. Moreover, acid doped solid electrolyte membranes were successfully demonstrated in single cell, which exhibited at 99.75 mW/cm 2 power density that can be recommended as a proton exchange membrane for high-temperature PEMFC application.
Sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in cathode electrode is the most common problem in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems. In this study, the ORR behaviours of a half-cell in the cathodic part were investigated which had an impact on its catalyst activity. The electrode was synthesized from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) supported platinum (Pt) catalyst, assigned as MWCNT/Pt, using an impregnation method. In this case, the hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O) acts as a Pt metal catalyst precursor. The PTFE (polytetrafloro-ethylene) was also used as sub-supporting material with MWCNT to produce MWCNT/PTFE composite. The Pt is deposited onto the surface of MWCNT/PTFE composite which forms MWCNT/PTFE/Pt electrode. Using CV and RRDE techniques, the electrochemical phenomena of MWCNT/Pt and MWCNT/PTFE/Pt electrodes in the 0.1 M KOH electrolyte solutions were analysed and compared. The electron transfer (n) from the K-L plot was recorded as 3.89 and 3.77 for MWCNT/Pt and MWCNT/PTFE/Pt electrode respectively. Based on the chronoamperometric analysis, the MWCNT/PTFE/Pt was found to be more stable than MWCNT/Pt. Therefore, the MWCNT/PTFE/Pt electrode may be recommended for PEM fuel cell application considering its electrochemical activity.
A proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (FCs) with ultracapacitor (UC) and battery (BT) hybrid system has fast transient response compare to stand alone FCs. This hybrid system is promising candidates for environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. An energy management system design and control strategy was introduced in this study. The energy management strategy FC/UC/BT hybrid system model has been developed and the control strategy was programmed in the LabVIEW™ environment and implemented using National Instrument (NI) devices. The energy management strategy is able to manage the energy flow between the main power source (FCs) and auxiliary sources (UC and BT). To control the hybrid system and achieved proper performance, a controller circuit was developed with the three energy sources aligned in parallel to deliver the requested power. The developed model demonstrates the proportion power from the FC, UC and BT under various load demand. Experimental results demonstrate that FC/UC/BT hybrid system operated automatically with the varying load condition. The experimental results are presented; showing that the proposed strategy utilized the characteristic of both energy storage devices thus satisfies the load requirement.Keywords: proton exchange membrane fuel cell, ultracapacitor, battery, hybrid energy system, energy management strategy Abstrak Sistem hibrid sel bahan api (FC) membran penukaran proton (PEM) dengan ultrakapasitor (UC) dan bateri (BT) mempunyai tindak balas yang lebih cepat berbanding FC sahaja. Sistem hibrid adalah salah satu sumber tenaga alternatif mesra alam yang amat berpotensi. Satu reka bentuk sistem pengurusan tenaga dan strategi kawalan telah diperkenalkan dalam kajian ini. Model strategi pengurusan tenaga sistem hibrid FC/UC/BT telah dibangunkan dan strategi kawalan telah diprogramkan dalam perisian LabVIEW™ dan dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan peranti instrument Nasional (NI). Strategi pengurusan tenaga ini mampu untuk menguruskan aliran tenaga di antara sumber kuasa utama (FC) dan sumber kuasa tambahan lain (UC dan BT). Untuk mengawal sistem hibrid dan mencapai prestasi yang sewajarnya, litar pengawal telah dibangunkan dengan tiga sumber tenaga sejajar selari untuk menyediakan permintaan kuasa. Model yang dibangunkan menunjukkan keseimbangan jumlah kuasa daripada FC, UC dan BT di bawah pelbagai permintaan beban. Keputusan eksperimen menunjukkan bahawa sistem hibrid FC/UC/BT beroperasi secara automatik dengan keadaan beban yang berbeza-beza. Keputusan eksperimen dibentangkan, ISSN -2506Siti Afiqah et al: ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR A FUEL CELL/ULTRACAPASITOR/ BATTERY HYBRID SYSTEM FOR PORTABLE APPLICATIONS 956 menunjukkan bahawa strategi yang dicadangkan memanfaatkan ciri kedua-dua sumber kuasa tambahan dengan itu memenuhi keperluan beban.Kata kunci: Sel bahan api membran penukaran proton, ultrakapasitor, bateri, sistem tenaga hibrid, strategi pengurusan tenaga Introduction Research in the field of alternative/renewable energy sources increasingly become the ...
The exceedance of nitrate and nitrite concentrations over the water standard quality has caused potential human health dangers such as blue baby syndrome and the growth of aquatic plants (eutrophication). In this work, a Purolite A400 anion exchange resin impregnated by Cu (Purolite A400-Cu) is used to remove nitrate and nitrite in wastewater. High saturation capacities of 0.76 mg N/g and 0.88 mg N/g-nitrate and 0.10 mg N/g and 0.11 mg N/g-nitrite are obtained from Purolite A400 and Purolite A400-Cu. Scanning electron microscope measurement shows that the surface of Purolite A400-Cu is rough due to other deposited materials that originate from Cu deposition. Energy dispersive spectroscopy measurement indicates that the increase in adsorption is due to Cu impregnation with the addition of a positive surface charge on the resin by Cu. The adsorption capacities of nitrate and nitrite decrease with increases in sulphate, phosphate and chloride concentrations. Data are obtained from a fixedbed column using the Thomas equation model. The breakthrough curve shows the C t /C 0 ratio values in Purolite A400 and Purolite A400-Cu. Large C t /C 0 values of 0.55 and 0.52-nitrate and 0.48 and 0.03-nitrite are obtained from Purolite A400 and Purolite A400-Cu.
Efficient operation results from a proper control strategy. In the operation and performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC), the hydrogen gas flow rate is one of the most essential control parameter in addition to operating pressure, water management, temperature and humidity. This is because of the high cost and amount of energy are required to produce the purity hydrogen gas. In this paper, a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) feedback control system is used to control the hydrogen flow rate. A strategy is adapted to balance the hydrogen use based on the loading requirements, especially during startups and sudden power demands. This system is implemented using National Instrument (NI) devices powered by the LabVIEW program. This is due to its simplicity and customization flexibility for measuring, processing and recording data. Designed structure allows the real-time implementation of a robust control law that is able to address the related nonlinearities and uncertainties without incurring a heavy computational load for the controller algorithm. While it facilitating a fast sampling rate according to the needs of the power system. Test results from the controller show that the new fuel control system provides good performance by reducing the amount of wasted hydrogen gas compared with that of the previous open loop system by 30 % to over 80 % saved by the varied load. This improvement is beneficial for any PEMFC that experiences fluctuating power demand, especially for vehicle applications.Keywords: PEM fuel cell, proportional integral derivative, reactant controller, LabVIEW, national instrument Abstrak Operasi yang cekap terhasil dari strategi kawalan yang baik. Dalam operasi dan prestasi Fuel Cell Membran Penukaran Proton (PEMFC), kadar aliran gas hidrogen adalah salah satu parameter kawalan yang paling penting selain dari tekanan operasi, pengurusan air, suhu dan kelembapan. Ini kerana kos yang tinggi dan jumlah tenaga dikehendaki untuk menghasilkan gas hidrogen berketulenan tinggi. Dalam kertas kerja ini, sistem kawalan Perkadaran, Kamiran dan Perbezaan (PID) suap balik digunakan untuk mengawal kadar aliran hidrogen. Strategi disesuaikan untuk mengimbangi penggunaan hidrogen berdasarkan keperluan bebanan, terutamanya pada permulaan dan permintaan kuasa secara tiba-tiba. Sistem ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan peranti instrumen nasional (NI) yang dikuasakan oleh program LabVIEW. Ini kerana ia ringkas dan fleksibel untuk mengukur, pemprosesan dan rakaman data. Struktur yang direka bentuk membolehkan pelaksanaan masa sebenar hukum kawalan yang mantap yang mampu menangani keadaan yang tidak linear dan tidak menentu tanpa memerlukan pengiraan yang sukar untuk algoritma pengawal. Sambil itu, ia memudahkan kadar pensampelan yang cepat mengikut keperluan sistem kuasa. Hasil ujian dari pengawal menunjukkan bahawa sistem kawalan sel fuel yang baru memberikan prestasi yang baik dengan ISSN -2506 Ros Emilia et al: STUDY OF HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION BY CONTROL SYSTEM IN PROTON EXCHANGE MEMB...
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