This chapter provides an overview of product modelling in the Building and Construction (BC) industry based on authors’ experiences gained from various conducted research projects and also taking into account results of other research projects. This chapter starts with an introduction and background of the subject area in terms of motivation, industrial needs and requirements. This is followed by an overview of a historical background of the subject area. In this historical background we distinguish five generations of product modelling developments. The first generation of product modelling developments is characterized by the influence of previous expert and database developments and by the constituting high-level constructs (e.g. EDM, BSM, RATAS and GARM). The second generation of product modelling developments can be characterized by the development of detailed aspect systems and supporting frameworks for data exchange and integration (e.g. IRMA, ATLAS, COMBINE, PISA and IMPPACT). The third generation product modelling developments can be characterized by its focus on collaborative engineering support by means of the application of middleware and client/server technology (e.g. SPACE, CONCUR, BCCM, VEGA and ToCEE) and the development of the IFC. The fourth generation of product modelling developments is heavily influenced by the Internet and Web Services standards such as XML, SOAP and UDDI and related business models such as eBusiness and eWork (e.g. bcXML, ifcXML and eConstruct). The next (fifth) generation of product modelling developments will be based on the emerging semantic web standards such as OWL and RDF, and based on the concepts of ontology internationmodelling as experienced in ongoing (European) projects such as SWOP. After this historical overview, an analysis of the characteristics of interesting conceptual product approaches is presented. Here we discuss the Standardisation, Minimal Model, Core Model, NOT, Vocabulary and Ontology product modelling approaches. Followed by an analysis of a number of specific conceptual product models and how the basic product modelling constructs (i.e. semantics, lifecycle modifiers and multiple project views) are implemented. This chapter ends with a discussion about some ongoing projects (COINS, CHEOPS and SWOP) in the context of future trends.
The development of a Virtual Lab for model composite materials in general and concrete in particular, is the main issue that is discussed in this paper. The contribution to the stimulation interactive research and development for technological innovations paves the way for exploitation of a Virtual Lab that facillitates the interactive development and integration of so-called multi-aspect models. The reason why concrete is considered as a multi-aspect material will be discussed with emphasis on the various levels of detail at which this material can be modelled. The complexity of the processes that are active at each of the particular levels originates the need for un-structuring commonly applied simulation models into Detailed Models controlled by a central Core Model. It establishes a sound basis for the development of a Virtual Modelling Laboratory (VML) In this paper, the focus will successfully be on concrete as a multi-aspect material, followed by the approach towards model integration. For this, the enabling ICT technologies will be discussed in detail. The paper ends with an overview on how innovations will benefit from the development of the VML as proposed abstract text here.
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