For the past two decades, simple shunt devices inserted either primarily, at the time of laryngectomy, or later as a secondary procedure, have mainly supplanted the other methods of voice rehabilitation, with the exception of an occasional patient who has acquired good esophageal speech, or for whom external devices may be the only practical method of voice production.
Kiedy miara staje się celem, przestaje być miarą rzetelną Prawo Goodharta [1] Nie wszystko co może być policzone-liczy się, i nie wszystko co się liczy-jest policzalne Albert Einstein [2] Piśmiennictwo na temat wskaźnika oddziaływania (impact factor, IF) jest obfite, a liczba publikacji na ten temat rośnie. Przedstawiają one sposoby i przykłady niewłaściwego stosowania IF do oceny wyników badań naukowych, instytucji i indywidualnych badaczy. Mimo to zjawisko nazywane w literaturze "IF-manią" trwa i wywiera zgubny wpływ na naukę, wypaczając jej sens, a w skrajnych przypadkach prowadząc do zachowań nieetycznych lub nawet do nieuczciwości naukowej. Poniższy tekst przedstawia przegląd wybranych artykułów na ten temat i zaprasza grono wybitnych naukowców do podzielenia się swoimi przemyśleniami. IF-mania: Journal Impact Factor is not a proper mean to assess the quality of research, individual researchers, nor scientific institutions The literature on the impact factor is extensive and growing: numerous papers have addressed its misuse for assessing the value of science, scientific institutions and individual researchers. However, the impact factor mania persists and inflicts the pernicious effect on science; it can also lead to scientific misconduct. This essay presents a review of at least a part of the literature, and invites discussion by a group of prominent scientists representing various scientific fields of interest and research.
The history of the surgical treatment of cervical lymph node metastases began in the 19th century, and, unfortunately, the initial attempts at surgical treatment of neck metastases were disastrous. Although some European surgeons reported few cases of radical en bloc dissection, the first successful surgical procedure was performed and described in detail by Franciszek Jawdyński, a Polish surgeon, in 1888. George Washington Crile popularized and illustrated radical en bloc neck dissection in the early 20th century.
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