The paper examines the rhetoric of nation-building in South Africa with particular reference to the incorporation of South Africans of Indian descent into the post-1994 political order. During its years as a protest movement, the ANC came to embrace 'non-racialism', a doctrine emphasising a common South African identity, in order to provide a counter-rhetoric to the racially exclusive doctrine of apartheid. However, the organisation had difficulty in garnering support from the Indian and Coloured communities during the transition to democratic rule. It increasingly adopted a multiculturalist conception of the South African nation and promoted the idea of the 'rainbow nation' in order to foster a sense of unity among South Africa's diverse population groups. This multicultural conception of the South African nation has met with some success. The majority of Indians voted for the ANC in the 2004 elections, shifting their political loyalties from the National and Democratic Parties in previous elections. This trend demonstrates an increasing identification among Indians with the African majority government. However, in spite of the ANC's success in courting the Indian vote in the 2004 elections, Indian-African tensions have been fuelled by recent anti-Indian rhetoric. The paper argues that a multiculturalism that does not address the material conditions that fuel class antagonisms will prove to be shallow in the present neo-liberal policy climate. Copyright (c) 2007 by the Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG.
The various liberation movements in South Africa historically have criticized ideologies that emphasize political mobilization along ethnic lines. However, the African National Congress (ANC) has had to contend with former KwaZulu Chief Minister Buthelezi's attempts to appeal to Zulu identity in order to mobilize political support, as well as the difficulty of attracting the Indian and coloured votes. These trends have forced the ANC to acknowledge in its political strategy the potential power of ethnic mobilization, in spite of the commitment made by the organization and its allies to a secular democracy based on equality of citizenship.
<.;opynghted Matenal 300 Japanese Zaibatsu primarily the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. A year after the opening of hostilities with the West, the Greater East Asia Ministry (Dai TO' A Sh6) (GEAM) was formed by the Japanese government in November 1942 during Army general T6j6 Hideki's first cabinet as prime minister. During TQj(Ys ten .. ure, the Army-dominated GEAM maintained some 100,000 officials dispatched overseas for the coordination of japanese political, ideological/cultural, and economic policy in GEACS. This management of this overseas activity was divided into three separate GEAM bureaus, one each for Manchurian, Chinese, and ,.(Southern .. affairs, respectively, the last bureau overseeing the administratio n of Japanese territorial holdings and strategic economic interests in southeast Asia, the East Indies, and the western Pacific. meaning "series" or ''subsidiary."
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