Unidirectional flushing can help ensure that water is delivered to the consumer's tap with minimum degradation in quality. Distribution system deficiencies continue to be responsible for more than 25 percent of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States each year, a statistic that underscores the need for water suppliers to effectively control water quality within the distribution system. Flushing is one of the most powerful tools available to a water utility for maintaining this control. Unidirectional flushing (UDF) is a refinement designed to bring water through the system in a controlled fashion at velocities sufficient to provide a scouring action within the distribution piping. First developed in the early 1990s, UDF is being utilized by a growing number of utilities as a cost‐effective way of improving and preserving water quality in the distribution system. In this overview of UDF, the authors summarize the technique's key components and potential benefits and explore how UDF fits into overall efforts to control distribution system water quality.
Many utilities have used flushing programs as part of distribution system maintenance, but little guidance has been available to help utilities develop programs that actively avoid water quality deterioration and meet each system's specific needs. Although flushing programs can be an important part of a good distribution system maintenance program, many utilities use them without clearly identifying water quality objectives. Secondary water quality and customer satisfaction problems can be created if adequate attention is not given to planning, implementing, and evaluating the program's effectiveness. The authors provide a rationale and guidelines for assessing current flushing programs. In addition, they provide tips that can help utilities to determine whether flushing is appropriate and to plan, implement, and manage a program. An optimized flushing program can help utilities improve distribution system water quality, reduce customer complaints, save water, enhance distribution system operation and maintenance, and better understand distribution system conditions.
A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos.Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença.Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra.Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. The development of a web-application for improved wildfire risk management in Lebanon Autor(es):Mitri, George; Jazi, Mireille; Antoun, Edward; McWethy, David; Kahaleh, Rabih; Nader, Manal AbstractLebanon's National strategy for forest fire management emphasizes the need to enhance the capacity of stakeholders in Lebanon to assess and manage wildfire in light of future climate change and residential expansion into wildland areas. In this context, we developed a web-based decision framework to improve fire risk management. The primary objective of the application (FireLab) was to provide an online user-friendly interface for displaying data that are critical for making informed fire-management decisions. Data include 257 variables related to fire activity, risk, and hazard and are generated at the municipality level for all of Lebanon. FireLab is delivered through a web browser, making it widely accessible to the public in a format that allows users to easily display wildfire conditions and to describe and share modeled wildfire potential scenarios of current and future conditions.
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