Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) is an instruction set and an execution environment inside the Linux kernel. It enables modification, interaction, and kernel programmability at runtime. eBPF can be used to program the eXpress Data Path (XDP), a kernel network layer that processes packets closer to the NIC for fast packet processing. Developers can write programs in C or P4 languages and then compile to eBPF instructions, which can be processed by the kernel or by programmable devices (e.g., SmartNICs). Since its introduction in 2014, eBPF has been rapidly adopted by major companies such as Facebook, Cloudflare, and Netronome. Use cases include network monitoring, network traffic manipulation, load balancing, and system profiling. This work aims to present eBPF to an inexpert audience, covering the main theoretical and fundamental aspects of eBPF and XDP, as well as introducing the reader to simple examples to give insight into the general operation and use of both technologies.

This study showed promising results on the use of F-FDG PET/CT as a prognostic tool for PC, using specific cutoff values of pSUV and nSUV.

Disseminated mycosis (DM)—with cardiac involvement and shock—is an unexpected and severe opportunistic infection in patients with yellow fever. DM can mimic bacterial sepsis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of causes of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in this group of patients, especially in areas where an outbreak of yellow fever is ongoing. We report the case of a 53-year-old male patient who presented to the emergency department with fever, myalgia, headache, and low back pain. The laboratory investigation revealed a positive molecular test for yellow fever, hepatic injury, and renal failure. During hospitalization, the patient developed hepatic encephalopathy, ascending leukocytosis, and ascites, with signs consistent with peritonitis. On the 11th day of hospitalization, the patient developed atrioventricular block, shock and died. At autopsy, angioinvasive mycosis was evidenced mainly in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and adrenals.

Because of its rarity, together with the variability and nonspecificity of its signs and symptoms, pheochromocytoma, a tumor arising from chromaffin cells, creates an unlucky paradox: it is often missed but only rarely found. Besides the association with arterial hypertension, often in the form of paroxysmal attacks, pheochromocytoma may also be associated, in up to 40% of cases, with orthostatic hypotension which, when present, provides a clue to the diagnosis of the tumor. Far more rare (about 2% of cases) is the clinical presentation in the form of shock, a possibility that, among other attributes, justifies the epithet “the great mimic” applied to the neoplasia. The authors report the case of a 51-year-old hypertensive woman whose death was erroneously attributed to septic shock. Autopsy disclosed an unsuspected left adrenal bulky pheochromocytoma with areas of hemorrhage and extensive central necrosis, pronounced pulmonary edema, left ventricular mural thrombus, and histological evidence of acute myocardial injury.

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Nivaldo Hartung Toppa 3 y unitermos key words resumo Introdução: As relações entre a morfologia do enxerto transplantado e a do período pós-transplante são importantes no acompanhamento dos pacientes e no direcionamento dos tratamentos instituídos. Objetivo: Analisar os achados histológicos do enxerto hepático em biópsias realizadas pós-reperfusão (tempo zero) e naquelas realizadas de três a 15 dias pós-transplante. Materiais e métodos: Noventa e seis biópsias de 48 pacientes foram selecionadas por terem sido colhidas no tempo zero (pós-reperfusão) e no período compreendido entre o terceiro e o 15º dia pós-transplante, com identificação das lesões hepatocitárias degenerativas, necrose e atividade inflamatória. As biópsias pós-transplante foram ainda graduadas quanto ao índice de atividade de rejeição (IAR), segundo o consenso de Banff. Resultados: Os achados histopatológicos mais freqüentes nas biópsias pós-reperfusão foram de degeneração hidrópica discreta (acometimento de até 50% dos hepatócitos) em 87,5% dos casos e necrose focal intralobular (lítica, apoptose) presente em 75% dos pacientes, em graus variáveis. Nas biópsias realizadas pós-transplante encontrou-se degeneração hidrópica discreta também em 87,5% dos casos e rejeição aguda em 38 (79,2%) pacientes. Nestas biópsias com rejeição aguda, chamou atenção a intensidade da agressão a ductos biliares em graus moderado (2) e acentuado (3) presentes em 42,1% dos casos, enquanto a endotelialite portal, nestas mesmas intensidades, ocorreu em 21,05%. Conclusão: Nossos dados evidenciaram lesões relacionadas à preservação (lesões do tipo harvesting) nas biópsias pós-reperfusão. As biópsias pós-transplante revelaram índice de rejeição morfológica na maioria dos casos, como evidenciado na literatura, destacando-se aqui a intensidade da agressão a ductos biliares.

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Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) has been rapidly adopted across multiple systems since its introduction in the Linux kernel in 2014. eBPF is used for fast packet processing. The use cases of eBPF have grown rapidly to include network monitoring, network traffic manipulation, load balancing, system monitoring, and so on. Several companies already use eBPF on projects such as Facebook, Netronome, and Cilium. This short-course aims to present eBPF. eBPF allows programming network devices. The developer can write in P4 or C language and then compile for eBPF instructions. The eBPF code can be processed in the Linux kernel or by programmable devices such as NetFPGAs and smart-NICs. This short-course covers the main theoretical and fundamental aspects of eBPF, as well as introducing the reader to simple practical activities that can give insight into the general operation and use of eBPF. ResumoO filtro de pacotes estendido (Extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF)) foi rapidamente adotado em vários sistemas desde sua introdução no kernel do Linux em 2014. O eBPF é utilizado para processamento rápido de pacotes. Os usos do eBPF cresceram rapidamente para incluir monitoramento de rede, manipulação de tráfego de rede, balanceamento de carga, monitoramento do sistema, etc. Várias empresas já utilizam eBPF em projetos como o Facebook, Netronome, Cilium. Este minicurso tem como objetivo apresentar o eBPF. O eBPF permite a programação dos dispositivos de redes. O desenvolvedor pode escrever em linguagem P4 ou C e depois compilar para instruções eBPF.