RESUMO: Em casuística de 20.850 nascidos vivos não gemelares ocorridos em 31 maternidades do Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil (parte da casuística total do Estudo Antropométrico do Recém-nascido Brasileiro), procurou-se identificar fatores de risco para o baixo peso ao nascer (peso < 2.500 g), tendo sido estipulados a priori, para estudo, os fatores escolaridade materna, estado marital, idade materna, paridade, peso pré-gestacional, tabagismo na gravidez e assistência pré-natal. A partir de análise multivariada pela técnica de modelos log-lineares, foram identificados quatro fatores de risco significativos: "ausência de assistência pré-natal", "peso pré-gestacional < 50 kg", "tabagismo na gestação" e "idade materna < 20 anos". O risco relativo associado a "ausência de pré-natal" foi de 2,2 nas mães de escolaridade inferior ao ginásio completo e de 3,4 nas de escolaridade igual ou superior àquele nível. Os riscos associados às características maternas de peso, tabagismo e idade foram respectivamente 1,9, 1,7 e 1,4 e independentes da escolaridade materna. Considerando-se além da magnitude dos riscos detectados a freqüência com que os fatores de risco se apresentaram na população, constatou-se que o peso pré-gestacional insuficiente, o tabagismo na gestação e a ausência de assistência pré-natal, particularmente em mães de "baixa escolaridade", são fatores cujo controle exerceria importante decréscimo na incidência de recém-nascidos de baixo peso. Assim sendo, tais fatores deveriam ser cuidadosamente considerados em programas de intervenção. UNITERMOS:Baixo peso ao nascer. Análise multivariada. Idade materna. Peso pré-gestacional. Tabagismo. Assistência pré-natal.
The position of the oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) is modulated by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Decreases in 2,3-DPG concentration within the red cell shift the curve to the left, whereas increases in concentration cause a shift to the right of the ODC. Some earlier studies on diabetic patients have reported that insulin treatment may reduce the red cell concentrations of 2,3-DPG, causing a shift of the ODC to the left, but the reports are contradictory. Three groups were compared in the present study: 1) nondiabetic control individuals (N = 19); 2) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients (on insulin treatment) (N = 19); 3) non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients using oral hypoglycemic agents and no insulin treatment (N = 22). The overall position of the ODC was the same for the three groups despite an increase of the glycosylated hemoglobin fraction that was expected to shift the ODC to the left in both groups of diabetic patients (HbA 1c : control, 4.6%; IDDM, 10.5%; NIDDM, 9.0%). In IDDM patients, the effect of the glycosylated hemoglobin fraction on the position of the ODC appeared to be counterbalanced by small though statistically significant increases in 2,3-DPG concentration from 2.05 (control) to 2.45 µmol/ml blood (IDDM). Though not statistically significant, an increase of 2,3-DPG also occurred in NIDDM patients, while red cell ATP levels were the same for all groups. The positions of the ODC were the same for control subjects, IDDM and NIDDM patients. Thus, the PO 2 at 50% hemoglobinoxygen saturation was 26.8, 28.2 and 28.5 mmHg for control, IDDM and NIDDM, respectively. In conclusion, our data question the idea of adverse side effects of insulin treatment on oxygen transport. In other words, the shift to the left reported by others to be caused by insulin treatment was not detected.
BackgroundEpisodes of depression and anxiety (D&A) during the transition from late adolescence to adulthood, particularly when persistent, are predictive of long-term disorders and associated public health burden. Understanding risk factors at this time is important to guide intervention. The current objective was to investigate the associations between maternal symptoms of D&A with offspring symptoms during their transition to adulthood.MethodData from a large population-based birth cohort study, in South Brazil, were used. Prospective associations between maternal D&A and offspring risk of these symptoms during the transition to adulthood (18/19, 24 and 30 years) were estimated.ResultsMaternal D&A in adolescence was associated with offspring symptoms across the transition to adulthood, associations were consistently stronger for females than for males. Daughters whose mothers reported D&A were 4.6 times (95% confidence interval 2.71–7.84) as likely to report D&A at all three time-points, than daughters of symptom-free mothers.ConclusionsMaternal D&A is associated with persistent D&A during the daughter's transition to adulthood. Intervention strategies should consider the mother's mental health.
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