To characterize 73 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from infections in an orthopedic hospital in Rio de Janeiro, we investigated the SCCmec types, the clonality by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, and the presence of virulence genes. Twenty‐eight (38.3%) methicillin‐resistant (16 SCCmec type IV and 12 type III) isolates were detected. Most (83.5%) of the isolates were included in five lineages: sequence type (ST) 239 (SCCmecIII), 1, 5, 30, and 1462 (SCCmecIV and/or methicillin‐susceptible isolates). Virulence genes fnbB, bbp, and pvl were related to STs 239, 30, and 30/1462, respectively. Isolates from STs 1, 5, and 30 presented specific virulence profiles, irrespective of methicillin resistance.

INTRODUCTION COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviridae comprises a large family, and at least seven coronaviruses are well known for causing respiratory diseases in humans. Coronaviruses have the ability to infect virtually all major groups of animals, among which some host other species that may infect humans. The current understanding is that SARS-CoV-2 is the third zoonotic coronavirus to have crossed the barrier between species and become capable of infecting humans over the past two decades. THE CORONAVIRUS THAT CAUSES COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 is a new betacoronavirus belonging to the large viral family of Coronaviridae, first identified in an outbreak of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, in December 2019. The name COVID-19 was chosen as the name for this new infection as an acronym of coronavirus disease 2019, i.e. from corona "co", virus "vi", disease "d" and the number 19 indicating the year of its appearance. Efforts are being made by the World Health Organization (WHO) to ensure that the nomenclature of viruses and their infections no longer refers to geographical locations, as it did traditionally, in order to combat the stigma resulting from this practice. The entire SARS-CoV-2 genome is inscribed on a single strand of RNA (ribonucleic acid). This type of virus undergoes genetic mutations more frequently than DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) viruses, given that RNA viruses have less ability to correct any transcription errors. 1 SARS-CoV-2, in particular, is a single-stranded RNA virus that is capable of synthesizing about 29 different proteins. Some of these proteins are present on the surface of the virus and act as facilitators of its entry into host cells, while others, apparently, are related to its pathogenesis. Characteristically, coronaviruses are responsible for respiratory infections in humans and some animals. Most of the time, the infections caused by viruses in this family are mild to

COVID-19 (do inglês coronavirus disease 2019) é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo novo coronavírus associado à síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronaviridae compreende uma grande família e, pelo menos, sete membros são conhecidos por causarem doenças respiratórias em humanos. Os coronavírus têm a capacidade de infectar praticamente todos os principais grupos de animais e, eventualmente, podem passar a contaminar humanos. O SARS-CoV-2 é o terceiro coronavírus a transpor a barreira entre espécies e infectar humanos. Esse vírus foi identificado em um surto de casos de pneumonia na cidade de Wuhan, província de Hubei, China, em dezembro de 2019. Todo o seu genoma está inscrito em uma fita única de ácido ribonucleico. Algumas proteínas presentes na superfície do vírus atuam como facilitadores do seu ingresso nas células hospedeiras, outras, aparentemente, estão relacionadas com a sua patogenia. Os coronavírus são responsáveis por infecções respiratórias em seres humanos e em alguns animais. Frequentemente, a infecção é de intensidade leve a moderada, mas alguns coronavírus podem causar doenças graves, como a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) (SARS, do inglês Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), que ocorreu em 2002 e a síndrome respiratória do Oriente Médio (MERS, do inglês Middle East respiratory syndrome). Os coronavírus podem ativar uma resposta imune excessiva e desregulada, a qual pode propiciar o desenvolvimento SRAG. Ainda que o pulmão seja um dos órgãos alvo, o mecanismo de hipóxia é sistêmico e outros órgão passam a sofrer tanto a falta de oxigênio quando a desregulação dos mecanismos de controle da inflamação.

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