Background and Objective: In the classic model of pleurisy there is little evidence about the anti-inflammatory effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as well the dosage characteristics, such as wavelength, total energy, number and pattern of treatment. In this study we investigated the potential effects of LLLT on modulating the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators of acute inflammation in a rat pleurisy model. Study Design/Materials and Methods: A sample of 48 female Wistar rats were divided into control and experiential groups. An inflammation was induced by carrageenan (0.2 ml) injected into the pleural cavity. At 1, 2, and 3 hours after induction a continuous wave (20 mW) diode laser of the InGaAlP (660 nm) type was used in the four laser groups with different doses and treatment patterns. One group received a single dose of 2.1 J and the other three groups received a total energy of 0.9, 2.1, and 4.2 J. Four hours later the exudate volume, total and differential leukocytes, protein concentration, NO, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, and MCP-1 were measured from the aspirated liquid. Results: All the treatment patterns and quantity of energy studied show significant reduction of the exudate volume (P<0.05). Using energy of 0.9 J only NO, IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-10 are significantly reduced (P<0.05). On the other hand, higher energies (2.1 and 4.2 J) significantly reduce all variables independently of the treatment pattern. The neutrophil migration has a straight correlation with the TNF-a (r ¼ 0.551) and NO (r ¼ 0.549) concentration. Conclusions: LLLT-660 nm induced an anti-inflammatory effect characterized by inhibition of either total or differential leukocyte influx, exudation, total protein, NO, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-10, and TNF-a, in a dose-dependent manner. Under these conditions, laser treatment with 2.1 J was more effective than 0.9 and 4.2 J. Lasers Surg.

Baccharis trimera is a widespread South American plant known as "carqueja". Medicinal teas prepared from the aerial parts of this plant are used in folk medicine in cases of liver diseases and inflammatory processes. We evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of B. trimera in the experimental inflammatory model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rat. The injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity induces an influx of cells and fluid accumulation with a large number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and increase of protein levels. The inflammation parameters were attenuated when B. trimera (400 and 800 mg/kg, i.p.) was administrated 30 min before the carrageenan. The immunomodulatory effects were evaluated in vitro on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The extract in concentration of 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL presented inhibited the T-lymphocytes proliferation stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, but these extract concentrations also presented cytotoxic effect. These results showed that the aqueous extract of B. trimera has anti-inflammatory effect.

Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a key role in liver fibrogenesis. Activation of PPARγ and inhibition of fibrogenic molecules are potential strategies to block HSC activation and differentiation. A number of natural products have been suggested to have antifibrotic effects for the de-activation and de-differentiation of HSCs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of capsaicin on HSC de-activation and de-differentiation. The results demonstrated that capsaicin induced quiescent phenotype in GRX via PPARγ activation. Significant decrease in COX-2 and type I collagen mRNA expression was observed in the first 24 h of treatment. These events preceded the reduction of TGF-β1 and total collagen secretion. Thus, capsaicin promoted down-regulation of HSC activation by its antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory actions. These findings demonstrate that capsaicin may have potential as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

The following study aimed to evaluate, in vitro and in vivo, the anti-inflammatory effect of Ulomoides dermestoides, a beetle commonly used as a remedy for a variety of diseases including respiratory disorders and asthma. We used an acute inflammation model of injury, injection of carrageenan into the pleural cavity of rats. The rats were treated intraperitoneally with the aqueous extract of U. dermestoides 8 and 16 mg/kg. The exudate volume, protein concentration, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and total leukocyte were measured. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood of healthy subjects and we investigated the immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effect of aqueous extract of U. dermestoides. In conclusion, in vitro we observed a non-cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity on the dose of 12.5 mg/dL. In vivo, this paper clarifies the great clinical relevance of the aqueous extract of U. dermestoides in elucidating its role as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Apoptosis and NETosis of neutrophils are two major mechanisms of programmed cell death that differ in their morphological characteristics and effects on the immune system. Apoptosis can be delayed by the presence of pathogens or chemical components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neutrophils have other antimicrobial strategy, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which contributes to the elimination and control of the pathogen. NETosis is induced by infection, inflammation or trauma and represents an innate immune activation mechanism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of gallic acid (GA) in the modulation of apoptosis and NETs release. The results show that GA decreased the anti-apoptotic effect of LPS, blocked the induction of NETs and prevented the formation of free radicals induced by LPS. These findings demonstrate that the GA is a novel therapeutic agent for decreasing the exacerbated response of the body against an infectious agent.