Gallic acid reduces the effect of LPS on apoptosis and inhibits the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps

Abstract

Apoptosis and NETosis of neutrophils are two major mechanisms of programmed cell death that differ in their morphological characteristics and effects on the immune system. Apoptosis can be delayed by the presence of pathogens or chemical components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neutrophils have other antimicrobial strategy, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which contributes to the elimination and control of the pathogen. NETosis is induced by infection, inflammation or trauma and represents an innate immune activation mechanism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of gallic acid (GA) in the modulation of apoptosis and NETs release. The results show that GA decreased the anti-apoptotic effect of LPS, blocked the induction of NETs and prevented the formation of free radicals induced by LPS. These findings demonstrate that the GA is a novel therapeutic agent for decreasing the exacerbated response of the body against an infectious agent.

Impact of Gallic Acid on Gut Health: Focus on the Gut Microbiome, Immune Response, and Mechanisms of Action

“…In the allograft model, GA accelerated the differentiation of T cells, increased the number of Tregs and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect, so GA has potential to treat diseases caused by excessive activation of immune cells (20). GA could decrease the exacerbated response of the body against an infectious agent to enhance innate immune activation by reducing the anti-apoptotic role of LPS, blocking the induction of neutrophil extracellular traps and preventing the formation of free radicals induced by LPS (133).…”

Simvastatin Prevents Progression of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure in Rats With Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension

“…15 Neutrophils were isolated from human healthy volunteers' peripheral blood by density centrifugation using a Histopaque-1077 (Sigma-Aldrich) gradient. 36 Briefly, blood samples were collected in tubes containing heparin (Laboratorios Rovi, Barcelona, Spain). Plasma was discarded, and blood was diluted in saline solution.…”

“…Neutrophils were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Biological Industries) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin at 37 C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 . 36,37 Neutrophils were pretreated with vehicle (0.001% dimethyl sulfoxide, Sigma-Aldrich) or simvastatin (1-5 mmol/L) for 1 hour, treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) or vehicle for 4 hours, and afterwards co-cultured with HSC for 16 hours. Direct co-culture assays were performed by adding 2 Â 10 4 neutrophils to 6 Â 10 4 LX2 cells.…”

Janus-Faced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Periodontitis

“…A broad spectrum of antioxidative substances such as flavonoids, vitamin C, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and N -acetyl- l -cysteine significantly inhibit the formation of ROS-dependent NETs ( 76 ). In addition, LPS effects can be reduced by gallic acid and thereby also NETosis ( 77 ). In view of the fact that some of these substances are innoxious, they might be applied topically, e.g., as dentifrice or in cases of exacerbations instilled into periodontal pockets.…”