The groundwater matrix represents about 70% of the abstraction to supply the water supply system in the municipality of São José do Rio Preto. Studies carried out in 2002 showed a decay rate of the potentiometric surface of the Bauru aquifer equal to 0.15 m/year. For 2012, this value became 0.47 m/year. Reflections of this deterioration in groundwater levels are related to the growth of the urban network, linked to the increase of exploitation, and the climate changes observed over the last years. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the current scenario regarding the urbanization processes and the change in the rainfall regime, in order to clarify some questions regarding the city's aquifer systems. For this, the urban area was quantified and the wells were inserted in the ArcGis 10 software, with information taken from the SIAGAS database. High peripheral growth was found, where we chose to work with the region that presented the largest expansion. From the comparison between the years 2002 and 2019, the urban area of the municipality had an increase of 76%, and in the peripheral region studied, there was an increase of 697%. In 2014, rainfall reached very low levels, compared to previous years, to the detriment of the water crisis. In addition, rainfall has been decreasing over the years. Finally, the number of wells grants is increasing, while water availability has been decreasing. Thus, the system that is already in need may collapse in the very near future, compromising water supply in São José do Rio Preto.
Water management aims to ensure the water availability necessary to meet the current and future demand for water resources. For which it is essential to implement monitoring networks that support the investigation of events that interfere with the rainfall regime of watersheds, such the phases of the ocean-atmospheric phenomenon El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The classification of the rainfall network was proposed according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for 14 management watersheds in the Upper Parana River (UPR) region, Brazil. On the other hand, the spatial and temporal variability of annual rainfall was analyzed using geostatistical techniques and confronted with ENSO data. To this purpose, data from 408 stations were collected via the Hidroweb portal, for the period from 1990 to 2020. The low representativeness of data in the region was verified from the observational network. The areas with the lowest and highest rainfall reduction were the north and northwest regions of the UPR, and the areas surrounding the Paraná River, respectively. The years 2019 and 2020 were identified as the most critical period of the last 3 decades with below-average rainfall (-13.21%) in 49.55% of the studied area, indicating a persistence in the drought scenario.
The use of non-renewable resources by the construction industry has several environmental consequences, contributing to excessive energy consumption and loss of materials. So, the construction sector is always in search of improvement and methods that innovate the existing techniques, aiming at the use of alternative and sustainable materials. Bamboo is a perennial plant with fast growth rate and low cost that has great physical and mechanical characteristics that assure its performance in the building environment. The use of beams with total or partial replacement of steel by bamboo has been well studied, due to the possibility of using the same design methods used in reinforced concrete beams, since the bamboo-reinforced beams meet the Bernoulli-Kirchoff bending theory. The objective of the work was to adapt a design procedure into an electronic spreadsheet for bamboo reinforced concrete beams subjected to four-point bending, with rectangular section, according to Brazilian Standard NBR 6118 (2014). The spreadsheet was tested based on other authors taking into consideration a steel double reinforcement. The resulting values were equivalents to those obtained by the authors, validating the efficiency of the worksheet. This methodology aims to optimize the design process of beams and enable the substitution of steel by bamboo, highlighting the validation, from the structural point of view, obtained by the authors.
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