Tryptophan catabolism mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) is an important mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance contributing to tumoral immune resistance, and IDO1 inhibition is an active area of drug development. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is an unrelated hepatic enzyme that also degrades tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. Here, we show that enzymatically active TDO is expressed in a significant proportion of human tumors. In a preclinical model, TDO expression by tumors prevented their rejection by immunized mice. We developed a TDO inhibitor, which, upon systemic treatment, restored the ability of mice to reject TDO-expressing tumors. Our results describe a mechanism of tumoral immune resistance based on TDO expression and establish proof-of-concept for the use of TDO inhibitors in cancer therapy.T ryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is a homotetrameric hemecontaining cytosolic enzyme encoded by gene TDO2 and expressed at high levels in the liver. It catalyses the first and ratelimiting step of tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway and thereby regulates systemic tryptophan levels. The same reaction can be catalyzed by another heme-containing cytosolic enzyme, named indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which has no sequence similarity with TDO, is not expressed in the liver, and is monomeric. IDO1 has been the focus of attention in recent years because of its immunosuppressive effects on T lymphocytes, resulting partly from tryptophan depletion and partly from direct effects of tryptophan catabolites (1-3). IDO1 is expressed constitutively in the placenta, where it plays a key role in feto-maternal tolerance (2), and in many tumors, where it contributes to tumoral resistance to immune rejection (4-7). IDO1 expression is also inducible in many cells, including dendritic cells, and appears to play a role in peripheral immune tolerance and the retro-control of immune responses (8). In contrast, little is known about the effect of TDO expression on the immune response. A recent report indicated that human cells transfected with TDO depleted tryptophan and thereby prevented both the growth of pathogens and the proliferation of allogeneic T lymphocytes (9). These results suggested that TDO might mediate immunosuppressive effects similar to those of IDO1. We set out to examine whether tumor cells express TDO and thereby inhibit T-cell-mediated immune responses. ResultsWe first observed that many human tumor samples expressed gene TDO2 as measured by real-time RT-PCR (Table 1). This was the case for 41% of bladder carcinomas, 50% of melanomas and 100% of hepatocarcinomas. To confirm the activity of TDO in tumor cells, we selected a series of human tumor cell lines that also expressed the TDO2 mRNA. We incubated cells for 24 h in medium containing a known concentration of tryptophan, and measured by HPLC in the supernatant the concentration of tryptophan and kynurenine, which is the main tryptophan catabolite (Table 2). HEK-293 cells transfected or not with human TDO2 were used as pos...

Tryptophan catabolism mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an important mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance contributing to tumoral immune resistance. IDO inhibition is thus an active area of research in drug development. Recently, our group has shown that tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), an unrelated hepatic enzyme also catalyzing the first step of tryptophan degradation, is also expressed in many tumors and that this expression prevents tumor rejection by locally depleting tryptophan. Herein, we report a structure-activity study on a series of 3-(2-(pyridyl)ethenyl)indoles. More than 70 novel derivatives were synthesized, and their TDO inhibitory potency was evaluated. The rationalization of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) revealed essential features to attain high TDO inhibition and notably a dense H-bond network mainly involving His(55) and Thr(254) residues. Our study led to the identification of a very promising compound (58) displaying good TDO inhibition (K(i) = 5.5 μM), high selectivity, and good oral bioavailability. Indeed, 58 was chosen for preclinical evaluation.

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a b s t r a c tIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an important new therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. With the aim of discovering novel IDO inhibitors, a virtual screen was undertaken and led to the discovery of the keto-indole derivative 1a endowed with an inhibitory potency in the micromolar range. Detailed kinetics were performed and revealed an uncompetitive inhibition profile. Preliminary SARs were drawn in this series and corroborated the putative binding orientation as suggested by docking.

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Here, we report on an ion-channel mimetic sensor using self-assembly monolayers deposited onto gold electrodes for electrochemical determination of dopamine. The different compositions of the modification solution consist of corrole-SH and other thiol derivatives used as the "background compounds" such as 1-dodecanethiol (DDT), 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (HS(CH(2))(6)OH), or 11-mercapto-1-undecanol (HS(CH(2))(11)OH) were explored to find the best self-assembled monolayer (SAM) suitable for dopamine determination. Among them, the mixed SAM consisting of corroles with the -SH group and 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (HS(CH(2))(6)OH) in the molar ratio 1:10 was the most sensitive. The signals generated by the formation of a complex between the corrole host and the dopamine guest were measured by Osteryoung square-wave voltammetry (OSWV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with [Ru(NH(3))(6)](3+) as an electroactive marker. The developed sensor was free of interferences of components of human plasma such as ascorbic acid, creatinine, creatine, and uric acid. The detection limits observed by EIS in buffer solution and in the presence of centrifuged human plasma 80 times diluted with a 0.9% NaCl containing 0.01 M borate buffer solution of pH 7.0 were 3.3 x 10(-12) and 5.3 x 10(-12) M, respectively.

Key events that stimulated the search of IDO inhibitors are presented. To date, however, the number of available scaffolds remains limited with only one confirmed inhibitor (from Incyte Corp.) in the clinic. Major challenges in the search for IDO inhibitors are discussed as well as the relevance of selectivity of IDO inhibition versus inhibition of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase.

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