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ABSTRACT:Sewage sludge (SS) has been widely used as organic fertilizer. However, its continuous use can cause imbalances in soil fertility as well as soil-water-plant system contamination.The study aimed to evaluate possible improvements in the chemical and microbiological characteristics of domestic SS, with low heavy metal contents and pathogens, through the composting process. Two composting piles were set up, based on an initial C/N ratio of 30:1, with successive layers of tree pruning waste and SS. The aeration of piles was performed by mechanical turnover when the temperature rose above 65 ºC. The piles were irrigated when the water content was less than 50 %. Composting was conducted for 120 days. Temperature, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon and nitrogen contents, and fecal coliforms were monitored during the composting. A reduction of 58 % in the EC of the compost (SSC) compared with SS was observed and the pH reduced from 7.8 to 6.6. There was an increase in the value of cation exchange capacity/carbon content (CEC/C) and carbon content. .In SSC, helminth eggs were eliminated, making application sustainable for agriculture purposes.

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Conventional monodimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in the emission, excitation, and synchronous-scan modes and total luminescence spectroscopy have proven to be sensitive techniques for characterization and differentiation of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) fractions isolated from an aerobically and anaerobically digested and limed biosolid, two layers of a sandy and a clayey Brazilian oxisol, and the corresponding biosolid-amended soils. The spectral patterns and the relative fluorescence intensities suggest greater molecular heterogeneity, less aromatic polycondensation, and less humification of biosolid HA and FA compared with soil HA and FA. However, the differences are smaller for the FA fractions than for the HA fractions. Fluorescence properties of soil HA and FA differ slightly as a function of soil type and soil layer. Biosolid application causes a shift to shorter wavelengths of the main fluorescence peaks and marked variation of the relative fluorescence intensities of HA and FA isolated from amended soils. These results suggest that molecular components of relatively small molecular size, with a low level of aromatic polycondensation, and low degree of humification present in biosolid HA and FA are partially and variously incorporated into amended soil HA and FA. In general, these modifications seem to be smaller in HA and FA from the clayey soil layers than in those from the sandy soil layers, possibly because of protective effects exerted by clay minerals of native soil HA and FA against disturbances caused by biosolid application.

Sewage sludge may be used as an agricultural fertilizer, but the practice has been criticized because sludge may contain trace elements and pathogens. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of total and pseudototal extractants of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, and to compare the results with the bioavailable concentrations of these elements to maize and sugarcane in a soil that was amended with sewage sludge for 13 consecutive years and in a separate soil that was amended a single time with sewage sludge and composted sewage sludge. The 13-year amendment experiment involved 3 rates of sludge (5, 10, and 20 t ha(-1)). The one-time amendment experiment involved treatments reflecting 50, 100, and 200 % of values stipulated by current legislation. The metal concentrations extracted by aqua regia (AR) were more similar to those obtained by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3052 than to those obtained by EPA3051, and the strongest correlation was observed between pseudo(total) concentrations extracted by AR and EPA3052 and bioavailable concentrations obtained by Mehlich III. An effect of sewage sludge amendment on the concentrations of heavy metals was only observed in samples from the 13-year experiment.

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RESUMOO Brasil enfrenta sérios problemas relacionados a uma grande população que vive na área rural, lançando os esgotos diretamente nos corpos hídricos. Este comportamento contribui a olhos vistos com a degradação do meio ambiente, além de trazer impasses à saúde pública; nesses casos, o emprego de sistemas de tratamento simplificados seria muito vantajoso, pois poderia depurar os esgotos dessas comunidades rurais a um custo baixo e ser operado e construído pela própria mão-de-obra local, embora pouco qualificada. Um dos sistemas estudados na UNICAMP e que se enquadra nessas características é, sem dúvida, a associação dos filtros anaeróbios com filtros de areia. Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstraram que o efluente gerado apresentava valores de matéria orgânica inferiores ao limite máximo estipulado pela legislação pertinente (CONAMA, 2005). Quanto aos compostos nitrogenados, demonstrou-se que os leitos de areia tinham grande capacidade de nitrificá-los e, no tocante ao fósforo, ressalta-se que nas maiores profundidades de leito de areia (0,75 e 1,00 m), a remoção superava 98%. Palavras-chave: saneamento, nitrificação, fósforo, águas residuárias, purificaçãoEvaluation of a simple system of wastewater treatment aiming at use in rural areas ABSTRACTBrazil faces problems related to the large population which lives in the rural areas and discharges the wastewater directly into water bodies. This occurrence contributes not only to environmental damage but also to public health problems. In this case, the use of simple treatments would be beneficial, since the local wastewater could be treated with low cost and be built and operated by local labor even though it is not specialized. A system investigated in UNICAMP and which has these characteristics is, undoubtedly, the association of anaerobic filters with sand filters. The results from the research showed that the effluent had an organic matter concentration lower than the maximum permitted by Brazilian law (Brasil, 2005). Regarding the nitrogen compounds, the sand filters showed a great capacity of nitrification and, in reference to phosphorus, in the deepest depths (0.75 and 1.00 m), the removal was more than 98%.