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Magnetic fields generated by the brain or the heart are very useful in clinical diagnostics. Therefore, magnetic signals produced by other organs are also of considerable interest. Here we show first evidence that thoracic muscles can produce a strong magnetic flux density during respiratory activity, that we name respiratory magnetogram. We used a small magnetometer based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which was positioned inside the open thoracic cage of anaesthetized and ventilated rats. With this new MEMS sensor of about 20 nT resolution, we recorded a strong and rhythmic respiratory magnetogram of about 600 nT.

Self-heating (SH) in submicrometer CMOS transistors operated in a liquid-helium temperature (TA) and under different bias conditions is experimentally verified by measuring the temperature Tsi in the proximity of the device. The temperature Tsi is measured by using a silicon resistor, placed in the same bulk nearby the device under test, as a temperature sensor. It is found that the heat generated by the NMOS transistor of a CMOS inverter structure penetrates deep into the substrate reducing very strongly the n-well impedance, giving rise to large variations in the kink of the Zdrain-Vdrain characteristics of the neighbor PMOS transistor. Experimental observation of SH in a submicrometer CMOS inverter is for the first time reported in this work. Experimental results shown here confirm that SH must not be underestimated when characterizing and modeling low-temperature device operation.