Lipid is a hydropobic substance. Thence, it needs a transporter protein called apoprotein. This lipid together with its apoprotein is called lipoprotein which is needed to deliver lipids to and from body tissues to produce energy. Based on their density, there are six types of lipoproteins: chylomicron, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL, and Lp(a). The metabolism of lipoproteins consists of three pathways: the exogenic pathway that produces chylomicron; the endogenic pathway that produces VLDL, IDL, and LDL; and the reverse cholesterol transport that produces HDL. Keywords: lipoprotein, lipid, apoprotein, protein. Abstrak: Lipid umumnya bersifat hidrofobik, oleh karena itu diperlukan protein pengangkut yang disebut apoprotein. Senyawa lipid bersama apoprotein disebut lipoprotein. Kompleks lipoprotein diperlukan agar lipid dapat disalurkan ke dan dari jaringan tubuh untuk menghasilkan energi. Lipoprotein dapat dibedakan berdasarkan densitas yaitu kilomikron, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL, dan Lp(a). Terdapat tiga jalur metabolisme lipoprotein, yaitu: jalur eksogen yang menghasilkan kilomikron; jalur endogen yang menghasilkan VLDL, IDL, dan LDL; dan reverse cholesterol transport yang menghasilkan HDL. Kata kunci: lipoprotein, lipid, apoprotein, protein.
Acute Heart Failure is marked by a fast/rapid attack or sudden changes in symptoms or signs of Heart Failure. Heart failure has become a main issue in cardiology, because of an increasing number of Heart Failure patients and frequent re-hospitalization and death and disability. The most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease and hypertension. Patients with heart failure have typical symptoms, such as shortness of breath at rest or activity, easily tired, leg edema, and also tachycardia, tachypnea, pulmonary ronkhi, pleural effusion, increased jugular venous pressure, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and structural abnormalities or functional heart symptoms at rest, such as cardiomegaly, third heart sound, and increased levels of natriuretic peptides.Keywords: acute heart failure, inpatients care Abstrak: Gagal jantung akut adalah serangan yang cepat/rapid onset atau terjadinya perubahan mendadak dari gejala atau tanda gagal jantung. Gagal jantung telah menjadi masalah yang utama pada bidang kardiologi, karena bertambahnya jumlah penderita gagal jantung dan seringnya terjadi rawat ulang serta kematian dan kecacatan. Penyebab tersering gagal jantung di adalah penyakit arteri koroner dan hipertensi. Pasien yang mengalami gagal jantung memiliki gejala yang khas yaitu sesak napas saat istirahat atau aktifitas, mudah lelah, edema tungkai, dan terdapat juga tanda-tanda khas yaitu takikardi, takipnea, ronkhi paru, efusi pleura, peningkatan tekanan vena jugularis, edema perifer, hepatomegali, dan terdapat kelainan struktural atau fungsional jantung saat pasien istirahat yaitu kardiomegali, suara jantung ketiga, meningkatnya kadar peptida natriuretik. Kata kunci: gagal jantung akut, rawat inap
Obesity is a condition that exceeds the relative weight of a person as a result of the accumulation of nutrients, especially carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Hypertension is defined as systolic and diastolic blood pressures above than 95th percentile according to sex, age, and height. This study aimed to determine the relationship between body weight and blood pressure among junior high school students in Kecamatan Pineleng. This was an analytical study using a cross sectional approach. Population was junior high school students grades 7 and 8 aged 12-14 years of 3 Junior High Schools located in Kecamatan Pineleng. There were 75 samples obtained by using simple random sampling technique. The Chi-Square test showed a p value of 0.001 (<0.005). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between weight and blood pressure among junior high school students in Kecamatan Pineleng.Keywords: weight, blood pressure. Abstrak: Obesitas adalah suatu keadaan yang melebihi dari berat badan relatif seseorang, sebagai akibat penumpukan zat gizi terutama karbohidrat, lemak dan protein. Hipertensi adalah tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik yang melebihi persentil 95 menurut jenis kelamin, usia, dan tinggi badan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara berat badan dengan tekanan darah pada siswa SMP di Kecamatan Pineleng. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Populasi yang diambil ialah siswa SMP kelas 7 dan 8 yang berusia 12 – 14 tahun di 3 SMP yang berada di Kecamatan Pineleng. Jumlah sampel 75 siswa diperoleh dengan teknik simple random sampling. Hasil analisis dengan uji Chi-Square menyatakan nilai signifikansi 0,001 (< 0,005). Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara berat badan dengan tekanan darah pada siswa SMP di Kecamatan Pineleng.Kata kunci: berat badan, tekanan darah.
From year to year, heart disease cases show an increase as the leading cause of death in the world. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a set of manifestations or symptoms caused by a disturbance in the coronary artery. Blood cholesterol level is one of the major risk factors underlying ACS. High total cholesterol and low high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels will increase the ratio of both and are directly related to increased coronary heart disease. The ratio can be obtained by dividing total cholesterol level with HDL level. This study was aimed to obtain the correlation between ratio of total cholesterol to (HDL) with the incidence of ACS at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was a descriptive analytical study with a retrospective cross sectional design using medical record data. Data were analyzed by using the chi-square test. There were 117 patients obtained by using total sampling technique. The chi-square test showed a P value of 0.026 (P <0,05). Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL and the incidence of ACS.Keywords: acute coronary syndrome, ratio of total cholesterol to HDL. Abstrak: Kasus penyakit jantung dari tahun ke tahun menunjukkan adanya peningkatan sebagai penyebab kematian tertinggi di dunia. Sindrom koroner akut (SKA) merupakan sekumpulan manifestasi atau gejala akibat gangguan pada arteri koronaria. Kadar kolesterol darah merupakan faktor risiko utama proses aterosklerosis yang mendasari terjadinya sindrom koroner akut. Kadar kolesterol total yang tinggi dan HDL yang rendah akan meningkatkan rasio dari keduanya dan berhubungan langsung dengan peningkatan risiko penyakit jantung koroner. Rasio dapat diperoleh dengan cara membagi kadar kolesterol total dengan HDL. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara rasio kadar kolestrol total terhadap high density lipoprotein (HDL) dengan kejadian SKA di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif analitik dengan desain potong lintang dan retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medis pasien. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi-square. Jumlah sampel penelitian sebanyak 117 pasien diperoleh dengan teknik total sampling. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan nilai P=0,026 (P <0,05). Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara rasio kadar kolesterol total terhadap HDL dengan kejadian SKA.Kata kunci: rasio kadar kolesterol total terhadap HDL, sindrom koroner akut
Heart failure is the main problem in cardiology which is caused by an increase of patients and the frequency of re-treatment, as well as death and defect. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the commonest causes of heart failure to be found. CAD is defined as a myocardial damage due to imbalance of coronary blood flow and myocardial need, caused by a change in coronary circulation. This study was aimed to obtain the description of CAD in heart failure patients undergoing inpatient care at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado from September to November 2016. This was a prospective descriptive study with an observational approach. There were 71 patients (59.2%) in this study. There were more males (77.5%) compared to females. Systolic heart failure was found the most (69%). Based on age, the patients were mostly in the age group of >60 years old (57.7%). The majority type of CAD was stable angina pectoris (42.3%). The risk factor that was mostly found was hypertension (76.1%). In the inpatient care, the mostly used medicine was ACEI/ARB (100%) which were also given to those discharged from the hospital (100%). Conclusion: In this study, males, age group >60 years old, and stable angina pectoris were the most.Keywords: CAD, heart failure Abstrak: Gagal jantung menjadi masalah utama dalam kardiologi yang disebabkan bertambah pesatnya jumlah penderita dan seringnya rawat ulang serta kematian dan kecacatan. Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) merupakan salah satu penyebab gagal jantung dan paling sering ditemukan. PJK didefinisikan sebagai kerusakan miokard akibat ketidakseimbangan antara aliran darah koroner dan kebutuhan miokard karena perubahan sirkulasi koroner. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran PJK pada pasien gagal jantung yang menjalani rawat inap di RSUP. Prof. DR. R. D. Kandou Manado periode September-November 2016. Jenis penelitian ialah penelitian deskriptif prospektif dengan pendekatan observasional. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 71 pasien (59,2%) yang masuk dalam penelitian ini. Jenis kelamin laki-laki (77,5%) lebih banyak dibandingkan perempuan. Gagal jantung sistolik lebih banyak ditemukan yaitu sebanyak 69%. Berdasarkan usia, terbanyak pada usia >60 tahun (57,7%). Jenis PJK yang paling banyak ialah angina pektoris stabil (42,3%). Faktor risiko terbanyak ialah hipertensi (76,1%). Selama menjalani perawatan di rumah sakit, pemberian obat terbanyak ialah penyekat EKA/ARB (100%). Sama halnya untuk pengobatan pulang terbanyak ialah penyekat EKA/ARB (100%). Simpulan: Gambaran PJK pada pasien gagal jantung ditemukan paling banyak jenis kelamin laki-laki, usia >60 tahun. Angina pektoris stabil merupakan PJK yang paling banyak ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Kata kunci: penyakit jantung koroner, gagal jantung
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