Espécies Crípticas de Gryllus à Luz da Bioacústica (Gryllidae: Orthoptera) RESUMO -O gênero Gryllus destaca-se com um grande número de espécies descritas e representa um dos mais complexos gêneros na sistemática dos Orthoptera, caracterizado por um conjunto de espécies cosmopolitas e crípticas. Este trabalho compara os sons emitidos por espécimens de Gryllus coletados no campus da UNESP em Rio Claro (SP), bem como a morfologia e morfometria das pars stridens, com o objetivo de aplicar os resultados no reconhecimento de possíveis espécies crípticas e contribuir na discussão de processos de especiação. Três grupos de grilos foram discriminados por diferenças nas pars stridens e sons de chamado, caracterizados por diferentes ritmos, freqüências e composição das notas, indicando assim, a presença de três espécies no local analisado, morfologicamente pouco distintas. Diante dos resultados, sugere-se a utilização das características da pars stridens e do som de chamado como caracteres diagnósticos imprescindíveis na taxonomia dos Gryllus. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, bioacústica, pars stridensABSTRACT -The Gryllus genus represents one the most complex in the Orthoptera systematic, characterized by a set of cosmopolite and cryptic species, many of them already described. This study compared the songs emitted by Gryllus specimens collected on the UNESP campus in Rio Claro (SP) and the pars stridens morphology and morphometry, to use the results to recognize possible cryptic species and contribute to the discussion of speciation processes. Three groups of crickets were discriminated by differences in the pars stridens and calling songs, characterized by different rhythms, frequencies and note composition, that indicated the presence of three species in the location analyzed, that presented few morphological differences. It is suggested from the results that the use of the pars stridens characteristics and the calling song as diagnostic traits is essential in the Gryllus taxonomy.

ABSTRACT. We describe the mating behavior of Adelosgryllus rubricephalus Mesa & Zefa, 2004. In trials carried out in laboratory we verified the following mating sequence: (1) sexual recognition by antennation; (2) courtship with male turning his abdomen towards the female, performing mediolateral antennae vibration, jerking its body antero-posteriorly and stridulating intermittently, while receptive female drums on the male's abdomen tip, cerci and hind-tibia with her palpi or foretarsi; the male then stops and stays motionless for some seconds, extrudes the spermatophore and both restart the behavioral sequence described above; (3) copulation: male underneath female; with his tegmina inclined forward, and joins his genitalia to the female's to promote sperm transference ; the female steps off the male, occurring a brief end-to-end position; (4) postcopulation: without guarding behavior; male retains the spermatophore and eats it. We quantified elapsed time of each behavioral sequence and discussed its implications in the observed mating behavior.KEYWORDS. Insecta, Phalangopsidae, crickets, courtship, copulation. Mesa & Zefa, 2004. Em observações realizadas em laboratório verificamos a seguinte seqüência no comportamento de acasalamento: (1) reconhecimento sexual por antenação; (2) corte, em que o macho volta seu abdômen em direção à fêmea, vibra as antenas médio-lateralmente, treme o corpo ântero-posteriormente e estridula intermitentemente, enquanto a fêmea receptiva toca a ponta do abdômen, os cercos e os fêmures posteriores do macho, com seus palpos ou tarsos anteriores; o macho então fica imóvel por alguns segundos, expõe o espermatóforo e ambos retomam a seqüência comportamental descrita acima; (3) cópula: o macho coloca-se sob a fêmea, com suas tégminas inclinadas para frente, anexa sua genitália à dela e promove a transferência do esperma; a fêmea desce de cima do macho e ocorre brevemente a posição "end-to-end" durante a separação do casal; (4) pós-cópula: não há comportamento de guarda; o macho retém o espermatóforo e o ingere. Quantificamos o intervalo de tempo das principais etapas do acasalamento e discutimos suas possíveis implicações no comportamento observado. RESUMO. Comportamento Complexo de Acasalamento em Adelosgryllus rubricephalus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Descrevemos o comportamento reprodutivo de Adelosgryllus rubricephalus

Gryllus assimilis L. has a karyotype of 2n = 29 (X0, male) and 30 (XX, female). The above karyotype was encountered along with another in which 2n = 28 (X0, male) and 2n = 29 (XX, female) in a population from the outskirts of Rio Claro city (São Paulo State, Brazil). Of eight specimens studied, five had the heterozygous karyotype involving a translocation and three had the basic karyotype. There were no individuals homozygous for the rearrangement. The heterozygous karyotype was the result of a chromosomal rearrangement between chromosome pairs 6 and 10, both of which were initially submetacentric. The members of the sixth pair normally have two constrictions in the small arm, with a satellite at the chromosome tip. The chromosome of the tenth pair involved in the translocation was generally submetacentric and probably underwent a pericentric inversion which transported the centromere to a subterminal position before being translocated. In this case, the long arm of the inverted chromosome of the tenth pair was translocated with the satellite of a member of the sixth pair.
A espécie Gryllus assimilis L. apresenta 2n = 29, X0 (macho) e 2n = 30, XX (fêmea), porém em alguns indivíduos coletados na cidade de Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil, foram encontrados dois cariótipos distintos: o cariótipo básico e outro rearranjado, com 2n = 28, X0 e 2n = 29, XX. O rearranjo foi interpretado como sendo autossômico e heterozigoto, caracterizado pela translocação envolvendo dois pares de homólogos submetacêntricos: o par 10, que possivelmente tem um dos elementos com uma inversão pericêntrica, e o par 6, que possui em seu braço curto duas constrições secundárias, diferenciando satélites em suas extremidades

RESUMO -Um novo gênero e espécie de grilo falangopsídeo Adelosgryllus rubricephalus é descrito. Ilustrações de espécimes macho e fêmea e a descrição dos escleritos fálicos, assim como os cromossomos e a distribuição geográfica conhecida são relatados. Uma discussão sobre a posição taxonômica desse grilo dentro da família Phalangopsidae é incluída.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Grylloidea, morfologia, esclerito fálico, cromossomo ABSTRACT -Adelosgryllus rubricephalus, a new genus and species of phalangopsid cricket are described. Illustrations of male and female specimens as well as descriptions of phallic sclerites, chromosomes and geographical known distribution are furnished. A discussion on the species taxonomic status of this cricket within the family is also included.KEY WORDS: Grylloidea, morphology, phallic sclerite, chromosome During the last twenty years few more than twenty specimens of this elusive species were obtained. Some of them were collected as nymphs and completed their development in the laboratory, though some of them died before reaching the adult stage. The species was found throughout a wide brazilian territory, including the states of São Paulo, Paraná and Goiás. A single nymph specimen was observed, but not collected, far north in the Federal University, Campus in Recife, Pernambuco State. They occur in diverse habitats from "cerrado" to forest vegetation and also in urban areas, always close to the ground among leaf litter, sometimes hiding within on under rotten wood or walking in the foliage during day time. With its black body, red head, the first milimeters of the antenna flagellum black, followed by a white segment and finishing dark again, it seems to be mimicring an ant or a wasp. Material and MethodsMeiotic stages were studied in male testes fixed in Carnoy I followed by acetic aqueous solution 40% treatment during few minutes to separate the cells. Suspension was then centrifugated to aprox. 1200 r/m and the supernatant medium discarded for post fixing of the residues in Carnoy I. The centrifugation and change of fixative was repeated three times and finally the suspended cells were dropped in a hot slide until drying. The staining was done with 1% lactoacetic orcein. ResultsGeneric Characters. Ocelli absent. Males with tegmen covering approximately half the abdomen (Fig. 1) with Cu 2 vein provided with pars stridens (Fig. 2b). Lateral field of the tegmen with three branching veins (Fig 2b). Mirror divided by two veins. Female tegmina (Fig. 3) in the the majority of specimens as short triangular pads, not touching in the middle line. In some specimens the tegmina are well developed, covering most of the abdomen. In both sexes, wing in general absent, but in some specimens they are fully developed. Legs moderately short. Cephalic tibiae with an oval auditory foramina on the internal face only. Dorsal edge of the hind tibiae armed with four internal and three external movable spines, and without denticles along its whole length. The apical three external spine (Fig. 2c) are smaller than the th...

ABSTRACT. The proventriculus morphology of the cricket G/y//us assimilis Fabricius, 1775 is described using scanning electron microscopy and the con'elation ofthis structure with the feeding habits briefly considered.KEY WORDS. Orthoptera, Glyllidae, Gry//us, proventriculus ln general, the digestive tube ofthe insects can be divided into three areas: the foregut or stomodeum, the midgut or ventriculus and the hindgut or proctodeum. Its morphological diversity has lead several authors to use it as a systematic and phylogenetic character in several groups (MORTINER 1965; SINGH & JUDD 1966;GRANT & RENTZ 1967; DELIGNE 1971;BORDAS 1896 BORDAS , 1898.The foregut is made up ofthe pharynx, esophagus, crop, and proventriculus or gizzard. The last structure is of great taxonomic interest, since it is intimately associated with the insect feeding habit, that can be highly species specific.The proventriculus is a transition area between the foregut and midgut and like the remainder ofthe anterior intestine, has an ectodermal origin and possesses a sclerotized intima. It presents ali the stages of development, varying from a simple valve formed by fine cuticle, to a strong muscular organ, armed with spines and teeth, having as a main function the grinding of food .Many studies have been accomplished to recognize relationships between the morphology ofthe proventriculus and the alimentary habits ofinsects. LEBRUN (1985) and LEBRUN & LEQUET (1985), showed that the proventriculus of termites that feed on wood has a cuticular armor formed by strong teeth and sclerotized plates, while those that feed on decomposed wood do not present teeth and the plates are less developed. ln the humus eating termites, the armor ofthe proventriculus is weak and only small plates are present. GIBBS (1967) also observed variations in the structure of the proventriculus of nine species of Trichoptera, demonstrating that the proventriculus can perform in the grinding or filtering of food.JUDD (1948) studied comparatively several families of ensiferans Orthoptera and elaborated a key to identify the families and orders, using the proventriculus and the gastric caecum as characters oftaxonomic value.

We characterized and compared taxonomic features of two species of tree crickets Oecanthus in tobacco plantation and adja-cent native trees and bushes at Southern Brazil. The marked differences between species included Oecanthus n. sp. with pale-green body, pale-yellow head, greenish-white eyes, file teeth number 32.8±1.2 (31–34, n = 6) and hindwings caudate. Oecan-thus lineolatus is slightly darker as pale-green, with pale-green head, yellow eyes, hind femur variegated with translucent andpale-green, file teeth number 47±2.2 (42–51, n = 18) and hindwings non caudate. Both species also differ in calling song dominant frequency and temporal parameters, as well as in the morphology of metanotal gland.

A new species of the genus Oecanthus Serville, 1831 from Reserva Natural Vale, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil is described. The new species differs from other of this genus in characteristics of the pseudepiphallus main lobe, endophallic sclerites, posterior median lobe of the metanotal gland and black spots on the femora and tibiae. The chromosome number is 2n=16+XY♂=18 and 2n=16+XX♀=18, and this complement present one pair of autosomes less than the other five cytological studied species.

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