Manganese and iron were found at high concentrations (3.61 mg/L and 19.8 mg/L, respectively) in the water of the Rio Doce after the dams of Fundão and Santarém broke in Mariana/MG (Brazil). These same metals were found in fish and crustacean muscle (15 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg wet weight, respectively) in the specimens collected near the Rio Doce's outfall. Due to the variation in Mn concentration found in the lower Rio Doce, this study aimed to determine the effects of Mn in Oreochromis niloticus, at the concentrations allowed by CONAMA, and in concentrations found in the Rio Doce after the dams broke. The animals were exposed to the following dissolved concentrations: control group (0.0 mg/L), 0.2; 1.5 and 2.9 mg/L manganese for 96 h. In addition, a positive control was conducted, injecting intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (at 25 mg/kg). These exposures caused significant erythrocyte micronucleus formation in the organisms exposed to the highest concentration, as well a significant increase in the DNA damage index of erythrocytes from organisms exposed to 1.5 mg/L and 2.9 mg/L treatments. The glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity also showed a significant increase in the liver of the organisms exposed to 2.9 mg/L. However, catalase activity increased significantly in the gills of the animals exposed to all concentrations of manganese that were tested. Manganese bioconcentrated in greater quantities in the liver than the gills. Thus, manganese causes significant damage to genetic material, generates nuclear abnormalities, activates the body's detoxification system and can accumulate in animal tissue.
The objective was to investigate the total saponin and protodioscin concentrations and the cytotoxicity in vitro, of five samples of the plant Tribulus terrestris, commercially available in the metropolitan region of Vitória -Espirito Santo, Brazil, and to compare them with the aqueous extract of the plant. The chromatographic profile and quantification of protodioscin in commercial samples and plant extract were evaluated by LC-MS/MS. The percentage of total saponins were determined by the colorimetric method. Extracts and protodioscin cytotoxicity were analyzed by the MTT assay in three cell lineages: fibroblasts (L929), ovarian cancer (Ovcar3) and murine hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7). All extracts displayed high levels of total saponins (207.2 to 780.3 mg g -1 of dry extract). The chromatographic profile revealed a wide diversity of compounds, and the saponin protodioscin was detected in only two extracts. One extract displayed high cytotoxicity, with IC 50 values of 157.0, 38.2 and 7.4 µg mL -1 for the Ovcar3, Hepa1c1c7 and L929 cell lines, respectively. The other extracts displayed cytotoxic effects only at concentrations equal to or greater than 125.0 µg mL -1 . Surprisingly, the most cytotoxic extract displayed the highest protodioscin concentration. Therefore, it is suggested that these products be marketed with caution, and followed-up by a certified healthcare professional.
This study examines the effects of Photobiomodulation by near infrared irradiation (NIR-PBM) on oxidative and physiological stress in the apoliprotein E (ApoE-/-) knockout animal model with ligature-induced periodontal disease (PD). The animals were divided into three groups: ApoEC (without intervention); ApoEP (periodontitis); and ApoEP + L (periodontitis, NIR-PBM seven consecutive days). Alveolar bone loss (via scanning electron microscopy), quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow cytometry, plasma cholesterol levels, inflammatory activity and plasma lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Alveolar bone loss was significant in the ApoEP group compared to the ApoEC group (p < 0.05). There was an increase in plasma cholesterol levels in the ApoEP group (p < 0.05) in relation to ApoEC; NIR-PBM reduced levels to levels below those of control animals. The ApoEP group had higher MPO levels when compared to the ApoEC group (p < 0.05). The superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide increased in the ApoE P group in relation to the ApoEC (p < 0.05), ApoE P + L showed a reduction when compared to the ApoE P animals (p < 0.05) and the levels of hydrogen peroxide hydrogen were lower in the ApoEC group compared to ApoEP + L (p < 0.05). ApoEP group showed increased lipid peroxidation than ApoEC (p < 0.05), and animals that received NIR-PBM treatment had lower levels than ApoEP group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, NIR-PBM effectively reduces systemic parameters associated with PD progression in hypercholesterolemic animals. More studies with longer evaluation times are needed to elucidate the effects of PBM on experimental periodontitis related to hypercholesterolemia.
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