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Terpenes reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1α and increased the production of IL-10. In addition, the terpenes, especially guaiene (53.3 ± 2.4%) and m-cymene (38.1 ± 0.6%), significantly inhibited NO production in a macrophage cell culture-based assay, whereas no effect was observed in the scavenging activity of this radical. L-carveol and m-cymene significantly inhibited O production with reductions of approximately 68.6 ± 2.2% and 48.2 ± 4.2%, respectively, at a concentration of 10 μM. Moreover, these terpenes were verified to suppress NF-κB activity. The results indicate that these terpenes have therapeutic potential and may be used to suppress inflammatory diseases or as a leading compounds.

Context:Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (Adoxaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders.Objective: To evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of S. australis.Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark of S. australis (1–100 μg/mL) were studied in lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ stimulated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (24 h incubation) by investigating the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and in the TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution test (24 h incubation). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the NO scavenging assays. Chemical composition was assessed by LC-MS/MS.Results: Antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC50 43.5 and 66.2 μg/mL), FRAP (IC50 312.6 and 568.3 μg/mL) and NO radical scavenging assays (IC50 285.0 and 972.6 μg/mL) were observed in the leaf and bark ethanol extracts, respectively. Solely the leaf extract showed significant inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 2 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, and suppression of TNF-α inhibition of NF-κB by 12.8 and 20.4% at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 250 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 250 μg/mL). LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin as major compounds.Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of S. australis exhibit prominent anti-inflammatory effects.

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is probably the most common medicinal mistletoe plant in Brazil, and has been used in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent and for cleaning skin wounds. Our proposal was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract and provide further insights of how this biological action could be explained using and assays. anti-inflammatory activity was preliminarily investigated in lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma-stimulated macrophages based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide production and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract was investigated in the mice carrageenan-induced inflammation air pouch model. The air pouches were inoculated with carrageenan and then treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg of ethanol leaf extract or 1 mg/kg of dexamethasone. Effects on the immune cell infiltrates, pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1, interleukin 10, and nitric oxide, were evaluated. The chemical composition of ethanol leaf extract was characterized by LC-MS/MS. ethanol leaf extract significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in macrophages and did not reveal any cytotoxicity. ethanol leaf extract significantly suppressed the influx of leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, protein exudation, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin 1 concentrations in the carrageenan-induced inflammation air pouch. In conclusion, ethanol leaf extract exhibited prominent anti-inflammatory effects, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a medicinal therapy against inflammatory diseases, and suggesting that ethanol leaf extract may be a source for the discovery of novel anti-inflammatory agents.