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Global change (climate change together with other worldwide anthropogenic processes such as increasing trade, air pollution and urbanization) will affect plant health at the genetic, individual, population and landscape level. Direct effects include ecosystem stress due to natural resources shortage or imbalance. Indirect effects include (i) an increased frequency of natural detrimental phenomena, (ii) an increased pressure due to already present pests and diseases, (iii) the introduction of new invasive species either as a result of an improved suitability of the climatic conditions or as a result of increased trade, and (iv) the human response to global change. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies on terrestrial plant health in the presence of global change factors. We summarize the links between climate change and some key issues in plant health, including tree mortality, changes in wildfire regimes, biological invasions and the role of genetic diversity for ecosystem resilience. Prediction and management of global change effects are complicated by interactions between globalization, climate and invasive plants and/or pathogens. We summarize practical guidelines for landscape management and draw general conclusions from an expanding body of literature.

Many international policies encourage a switch from fossil fuels to bioenergy based on the premise that its use would not result in carbon accumulation in the atmosphere. Frequently cited bioenergy goals would at least double the present global human use of plant material, the production of which already requires the dedication of roughly 75% of vegetated lands and more than 70% of water withdrawals. However, burning biomass for energy provision increases the amount of carbon in the air just like burning coal, oil or gas if harvesting the biomass decreases the amount of carbon stored in plants and soils, or reduces carbon sequestration. Neglecting this fact results in an accounting error that could be corrected by considering that only the use of ‘additional biomass’ – biomass from additional plant growth or biomass that would decompose rapidly if not used for bioenergy – can reduce carbon emissions. Failure to correct this accounting flaw will likely have substantial adverse consequences. The article presents recommendations for correcting greenhouse gas accounts related to bioenergy.

The early years of the journal Landscape and Urban Planning, then called Landscape Planning, coincided with the start of the era of digital landscape visualizations. This paper examines this journal's articles on landscape visualization published over its 99 volume history (1974-2010). This work has contributed to representation, assessment, and decision-making in landscape planning and design. Technological advances are noted, as are case studies and research topics and questions considered to be important at the time. This work is then looked at in the context of subsequent developments in the field of landscape visualization in terms of distinct research areas, directions, and topics reflected in the publications. From this analysis, the paper presents an outlook on future challenges for research and practice that includes themes such as the diffusion of 3D visualization in our everyday environment, linking visualizations with underlying models, going beyond highlyrealistic but simply descriptive visualizations, using visualizations in an assessment and decisionmaking context, and incorporating multi-sensory experiences. It also considers the prospects for further technological advancements such as augmented reality for making decisions in planning and design of our future environments. Introduction 1"Landscape and urban planning" are words selected as the name of this journal but also refer to 2 activities concerned with natural and urban environments of the past, present, and most 3 importantly, the creation of future environments. As an interdisciplinary focus of concern, both 4 the journal and activity of landscape and urban planning deal with the study, analysis, planning, 5 and design of biophysical and social environments that express a range of sensory qualities. 6Humans in turn possess a suite of perceptual systems that allow them to sense these qualities: an 7 auditory system (the sense of hearing), a tactile system (the sense of touch), a kinaesthetic 8 system (the ability to sense and coordinate movement), a vestibular system (the sense of 9 balance), an olfactory system (the sense of smell), a gustatory system (the sense of taste) and a 10 visual system (the visual sense). Of all the senses, the visual sense is by far the dominant 11 component of human sensory perception (Bruce et al. 1996). Fortunately, for landscape and 12 urban planners and designers, the visual environment with its range of visual stimuli can be 13represented via a palette of analogue and digital media as an essential means for communicating 14 to experts and the public in planning and design. 15 This paper examines this journal"s articles on landscape visualization published over its 99 16 volume history , and the contribution to representation, assessment, and decision-17 making in landscape planning and design, also in the wider context. 18 19 Technological advances 20Within only a few decades, contemporary Western society has evolved from being dominated by 21 digital immigrants hesitant to embark on a digital l...

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