Nomophobia has been studied extensively due to its negative effects on human health and psychology. In terms of clinical psychology, nomophobia has been linked consistently to depression and anxiety. Studies also investigated whether it is a dependency, an impulse control problem, an obsession or a phobia; however, no clear clinical representation was confirmed. Although it was proposed to be added as an official diagnosis to DSM-5, these attempts were inconclusive. In this study, nomophobia was examined clinically by SCL-90 factors. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed by controlling anxiety, depression, phobia and obsessions by putting them in the first step. At the next step, paranoid ideation was entered while interpersonal sensitivity was introduced at the last step. The variables were assigned according to the steps according to their connections confirmed by the literature, the correlation coefficients and β weights obtained in the current study. The hierarchical regression analysis confirmed that after controlling anxiety, depression, phobia and obsessions, nomophobia is explained by interpersonal sensitivity. Paranoid ideation is also an important variable in step 2, but it lost its significance in the last step. Nevertheless, it was thought that what makes people sensitive to interpersonal issues is a kind of fear of missing out others’ experiences (FoMO) which is related to nomophobia. This fear of missing out might prepare people to constantly check on mobile phones thinking paranoid about what they might have been missing or deprived of. Clinical implications and limitations were discussed.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles, emotion regulation strategies, and their possible effects on health-promoting behaviors among those who participate (N = 109) versus those who do not participate in extreme sports (N = 202). Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses. Different nonadaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship between insecure attachment styles and health-promoting behaviors in two groups of the current study. In the extreme sports group, lack of awareness about emotions and lack of goals while dealing with negative emotions mediated the relationship between anxious attachment style and health-promoting behaviors; and lack of goals while dealing with negative emotions mediated the relationship between avoidant attachment style and health-promoting behaviors. In participants who do not engage in extreme sports, lack of clarity about emotions mediated the relationship between anxious attachment style and health-promoting behaviors. Findings and their implications were discussed in the light of the literature.

The purpose of this review study is to examine the psychological effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on individuals in different groups. When the literature is examined, it can be stated that this epidemic causes negative emotional reactions such as anxiety, fear, and anger in adults, increases stress levels, increases their susceptibility to psychological disorders such as anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and causes suicidal thoughts and insomnia. It can be stated that fear and anxiety are experienced intensely in children and adolescents, anxiety disorders increase, and their parents need to make explanations appropriate to their children's cognitive levels to prevent these disorders. It is indicated that health workers struggling with the epidemic on the field have symptoms related to anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and depressive disorders. They experience sleep disorders and their effective problem-solving skills decrease due to the stress and conflicts they experience. In the light of this information, it can be thought that it is important that health authorities and the media emphasize issues such as raising awareness about symptoms related to psychological disorders, activities that support psychological health, and the importance of receiving psychological support when necessary. In the last part of the study, it was aimed to make suggestions for future research about pandemic related psychological disorders in our country. In this context, it has been suggested that studies can be carried out related to exposure to traumatic contents in the media, curfew, how being in certain age groups affect individuals, the effectiveness of primary and secondary prevention interventions and various psychological interventions, and the effective use of social support mechanisms in the pandemic process. Keywords COVID-19, psychological effects, psychological disorders, clinical psychology, post traumatic stress disorder

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Öz Gelişen iletişim teknolojileri cep telefonlarının da gelişmesine ve birçok fonksiyonu yerine getirmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Yaygın ve sık olarak kullanılan cep telefonları, insanlarda bazı davranış ve duygu bozukluklarına yol açabilmektedir. Nomofobi de bu bozukluklardan biridir ve insanların cep telefonlarından uzak kalma korkusu olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Nomofobi çeşitli demografik değişkenler (genç yaş), kişilik özellikleri (dışa dönüklük), duygular (gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu) ve ihtiyaçlar (dokunsal ihtiyaç) ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Klinik psikoloji açısından nomofobinin kökenlerinde depresyon, kaygı ve stresin etkisini araştırılmıştır. Nomofobinin tanı ölçütleri geliştirilmiş ve bir psikiyatrik tanı olarak DSM-5'e kabul edilmesi için öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada nomofobi; ayrılık kaygısı, obsesif kompülsif bozukluk, panik bozukluk, dürtü kontrol bozukluğu ve bağımlılık gibi ruhsal rahatsızlıklarla ayırıcı tanı ölçütleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Nomofobinin trafikte ve günlük hayatta kişinin fiziksel sağlığı açısından riskli yönleri olmasının yanı sıra, psikolojik sağlığı da olumsuz olarak etkilediği bilinmektedir. Stresi artırdığı, depresyon ve kaygı bozuklukları ile ilişkili olduğu, insomniaya sebep olabildiği ifade edildiği gibi, genç yetişkin grubun akademik başarısını da olumsuz yönde etkilediği bilinmektedir. Nomofobinin tedavisinde bilişsel davranışçı tedavi müdahalelerinin ve varoluşçu psikoterapi yaklaşımının etkili olduğu belirtilebilir.