The preparation conditions for Co doping process into the ZnO structure were studied by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. Structural and optical properties of the Co:ZnO thin films as a function of Co concentrations were examined. It was observed that hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO is dominant up to the critical value, and after the value, the cubic structural phase of the cobalt oxide appears in the X-ray diffraction patterns. Every band-edge of Co:ZnO films shifts to the lower energies and all are confirmed with the PL measurements. Co substitution in ZnO lattice has been proved by the optical transmittance measurement which is observed as the loss of transmission appearing in specific region due to Co 2+ characteristic transitions.
Using a modified ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) system, ZnO thin films were deposited on the substrate moved back and forth (ZO1) and rotated (ZO3) as well as fixed (ZO2) in the conventional USP technique. Prepared thin films are pure ZnO with a preferred crystalline orientation of (0 0 2) in the hexagonal wurtzite structure. Diffraction angle shift implies a decrease lattice parameter alongc-axis anda-axis 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively. Maximum strain has been found for ZO1 which is about (−) 0.17%. These strain values show that presence of compressive strain due to moving substrates as depositing ZnO films. The film deposition process on the rotated quartz substrate is provided to obtain the thinner film. The grain size and root-mean- square value of roughness increase with thickness. Strong UV emission was observed at ∼390 nm assigned to the band gap transition from photoluminescence measurements. Energy shifted about 39 meV for ZO3 sample with respect to that of ZO2 film deposited in conventional USP system. This behaviour is confirmed with (002) diffraction peak shifting. So, the compressed lattice will provide a wider band gap for these films.E2phonon frequency values have not given a considerable shifting.
Öz Amaç: Çalışmamızda ailelerin çeşitli beyin hasarlarına yol açabilen sarsılmış bebek sendromuna dair bilgi düzeylerini ölçmeyi amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma Ocak-Mart 2016 tarihleri arasında %8,6'sı (n=16) baba, %91,4'ü anne (n=170) olmak üzere toplam 186 ebeveynle gerçekleştirildi. Ebeveynlerin bebeklerini avutma yöntemleri ve sarsılmış bebek sendromu hakkındaki bilgi düzeyi 32 soruluk anketle değerlendirildi. Anketin nominal soruları dışındaki sorular için güvenilirlik analizi Cronbach alfa katsayısı %85 olarak bulundu. Bulgular: Ebeveynlerin sarsılmış bebek sendromu hakkında bilgi sahibi olma oranı %16 olarak belirlendi. "Bebeği sarsmanın bebeğe zararı var mıdır?" sorusuna %87,6 "Evet" yanıtını verirken, annenin eğitim durumunun verilen yanıtlarda istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı fark oluşturduğu görüldü (p=0,019). Annenin eğitim düzeyi ile bebeklerin ayakta sallanması durumu karşılaştırıldığında fark anlamlı bulundu (p=0,001). Aynı karşılaştırmada kız ve erkek bebeği olan ebeveynler arasında anlamlı fark olduğu belirlendi (p=0,045). Tartışma ve Sonuç: Ebeveynlerin sarsılmış bebek sendromuna ve bebek avutma yöntemlerine dair bilgisinin yetersiz olduğu görülmüştür. Bu konularda verilecek eğitim sarsılmış bebek sendromunu önlemede önemli sonuçlar verebilir.
ZnO, Co doped ZnO (ZnO:Co) and CoO thin films were deposited on glass substrates by using the spark discharge technique with Zn-Zn, Zn-Co and Co-Co metal electrodes (tips). The structural and optical properties of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy measurements and UV-Vis spectrometry. Cubic phase reflection of CoO (200) was observed in the samples containing Co. The size of nanoparticles had varied between 38 nm and 200 nm in ZnO thin films. When Co electrode was used, spherical structure had deteriorated and clusters of particles, with smaller radii, were observed. In addition, when Co-Co electrode pairs were used, various cavities with different sizes were formed. Especially, it was observed that the optical transmittance had generally increased with the decreasing spark (charge) voltage, while increasing with the number of sparks. The Co-containing samples were green in color and it was observed that the loss of transmission appears in a specific region in the Co-doped ZnO thin films due to characteristic d-d transition of Co 2+ ions. The thickness of the films had decreased with the increasing number of sparks. In addition, the band gap energy, Eg, evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements has been shifted to higher wavelengths (red shift) for the ZnO:Co thin films.
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