The peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a rare reactive exophytic lesion taking place on the gingiva and alveolar ridge usually as a result of local irritating factors such as trauma, tooth extraction, badly finished fillings, unstable dental prosthesis, plaque, calculus, chronic infections, and impacted food. This article presents 3 cases of PGCG that presented at the same location of the edentulous mandible of patients that using complete denture for over ten years.

Background/Aims Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has been accepted as a reliable tool in diagnosing and staging intra-abdominal tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the performance of EUS-FNA in the evaluation of liver masses and its impact on patient management and procedure-related complications retrospectively. Methods Data of patients who underwent EUS-FNA biopsies due to liver masses between November 2017 and July 2018 were retrieved retrospectively. Biopsies were performed using 22-G needles. The demographics, EUS-FNA results, sensitivity and specificity of the procedure, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and specimen sufficiency rates were assessed. Results A total of 25 patients (10 females) were included in the study. The mean age was 62.73±15.2 years. The mean size of the masses was 34.50±16.04 mm. The technical success rate was 88%. During the EUS-FNA procedure, each patient had only one pass with 94.45% of aspirate sufficiency rate and 86.3% of biopsy sufficiency rate. The diagnostic accuracy rate was 86.3%. There were no complications. Conclusions For the evaluation of liver masses, EUS-FNA using a 22-G needle with even one pass had high aspiration and biopsy success rates accompanied with high diagnostic accuracy rates.

Introduction. Primary hypopharynx involvement of small cell carcinoma is very rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. Here, we report a case of primary small cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx in a male patient. Case Report. A 50-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of sore throat and swellings in the right side of the neck. Direct laryngoscopy and biopsy revealed small cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx located in the right pyriform sinus. Discussion. Small cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx has no clear treatment modality due to the rarity of the disease. Systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy should have priority among the therapy regimens because of the high metastatic potential of the tumor.

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Background and Aim: PD-1 (programmed death-1) is an immune checkpoint receptor that modulates T-cell activity in peripheral tissues via interaction with its ligands, PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) and PD-L2 (programmed death-ligand 2). Tumor cells upregulate PD-L1 or PD-L2 to dampen this T lymphocyte attack. Our goal was to demostrate the PD-1 and PD-L2 expresion rate of various hematologic malignancies, and to evaluate whether PD-1 and PD-L2 expresion have impact on prognosis. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, pre-treatment bone marrow biopsy specimens of 83 patients [42 multiple myeloma (MM), 21 acute leukemias, and 20 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)] have been stained with monoclonal antibody immunstains of PD-1 and PD-L2. Results: As a result, the overall expression rate of PD-1 was 26.2%, 4.8%, and 60% in patients with MM, acute leukemias, and CLL, respectively. Whereas, PD-L2 expression rate was 61.9%, 14.3%, and 10% in patients with MM, acute leukemias, and CLL, respectively. Conclusion: Finally, we conclude that the role of PD-1 pathway can be demonstrated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Since we have evaluated whether there is a correlation between (IHC) results and survival of patients with MM, acute leukemias, and CLL, we couldn’t demonstrate a meaningful evidence that these markers have an impact on prognosis. Key Words: PD-1, PD-L2, multiple myeloma, acute leukemias, chronic lymphocytic leukemia.