The longitudinal trajectories of cardiac structure and function following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are unclear. Therefore, this meta‐analysis aims to elucidate the effect of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on cardiac function in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) survivors after recovery. PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and EMBASE were systematically searched for articles published up to 1st August 2022. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were performed to calculate the pooled effects size and 95% confidence interval of each outcome. A total of 21 studies including 2394 individuals (1436 post‐COVID‐19 cases and 958 controls) were included in the present meta‐analysis. The pooled analyses compared with control groups showed a significant association between post‐COVID‐19 and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF), LV end‐diastolic volume (LV EDV), LV stroke volume (LV SV), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), global longitudinal strain, right ventricular EF (RV EF), RV EDV, RV ESV, RV SV, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and increased LV mass. Subgroup analysis based on the severity of COVID‐19 in the acute phase and subsequent chronic outcomes revealed that LV EF, MAPSE, RV EF, and RV ESV only decreased in studies including patients with a history of intensive care unit admission. Cardiac impairment after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection persisted in recovered COVID‐19 patients even after 1 year. Future studies are warranted to determine the biological mechanisms underlying the long‐term cardiovascular consequences of COVID‐19.

No abstract

Background: The present study aims at investigating the effects of different exercise modalities (sprint interval training (SIT) and aerobic plus resistance training (A+R)) on novel cardiovascular risk factors (lipid accumulation product (LAP), Framingham risk score (FRS), the metabolic syndrome severity scores (Mets score), visceral adipose index (VAI), body adipose index (BAI), triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index), triglyceride glucose-waist circumference (TyG-WC), triglyceride glucose-waist circumference (TyG-BMI), HOMA β-cell, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR)) in overweight women with type 2 diabetes.Methods: Fifty-two overweight females with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (aged 45-60 years, BMI > 30, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%) were assigned to either SIT (n = 17), A+R training (n = 17), or control groups (n = 18). Intervention consisted of SIT or A+R training for 10 weeks.Results: There were no significant changes in Mets in the SIT group after 10 weeks (p = 0.187). In addition, there were significant changes (improvements) in LAP (p < 0.001) and VAI (p = 0.002), FRS (p = 0.001), TyG index (p = 0.005), TyG-BMI (p = 0.012), TyG-WC (p < 0.001), AIP (p < 0.001), and eGDR (p = 0.001) in A+R training group after 10 weeks, as compared to the baseline.Conclusions: The results illustrated that exercise training modality independent of the mode of exercise training could be an effective intervention to improve some novel cardiovascular risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes.