Background: In addition to the problems of resistance to commonly used antibiotics, toxicity depicts the state of adverse effects caused by the interaction of toxicants with cells. Similarly, blood components are exposed to significant concentrations of toxic compounds as they form the medium for their transport. Aims: To study the effects of ethanol extract of unripe Annona muricata fruits on the haematological and histopathological parameters in Swiss albino rats infected with Salmonella typhi.

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author DAO designed the study, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors EOD and DAO managed the literature searches, analyses of the study performed the spectroscopy analysis and author DAO managed the experimental process and author EOD identified the species of plant. Authors EOD and DAO read and approved the final manuscript.

Study was carried out to determine the heamatological and histopathological effects of raw ethanolic seed extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum in swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK65). Standard methods were employed to determine the heamatological, histopathological indices and biochemical assay. The experimental mice were acclimatized for seven days before the commencement of treatment. Mice were grouped into six groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) of four mice each. The mice in group B were treated with a standard antimalarial drug (chloroquine as positive control) at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight, while mice in groups D, E and F was administered with increasing dosages (200, 400, 600 mg/kg body weight) of seed extracts for four consecutive days respectively. Group C (Normal control) served as mice that was not infected Original Research Article

Studies have shown that soil-transmitted helminth infections are widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. Poor sanitation is a major factor in the spread of intestinal helminth parasites. Hence, a study was carried out from July to September 2014, to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites among undergraduate students at North Gate, FUTA. A total of two hundred (200) stool samples were collected randomly from both males and females. Faecal samples were analyzed using the formol-ether sedimentation and concentration method. Parasites encountered by prevalence were Taenia spp. (13.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (6.5%), Enterobius vermicularis (2%), Strongyloides stercoralis (6%), Trichuris trichiura (5%), Schistosoma mansoni (3.5%) and Hookworm species (8%). Formol-ether concentration technique was used to analyze the stool samples. The overall infection rate was 89 (44.5%). The study showed that infections were more prevalent among males. The highest prevalence of infections was recorded among the age group of 19 -22 years (21%) in both sexes, and least infection rate in the age group of 27 -30 years (1.0%). The highest prevalence of infection was observed with students who made use of pit latrine (22%), compared with students who made use of bush system (7.5%). Prevalence for users of water closet was 11%. On the basis of the type of toilet system, the bucket system showed the least prevalence of 4%. Prevalence of helminth parasite infection was the highest among students using pipe borne water (22%) system as source of water, compared with users of stream/pond/ river water source, which had the least prevalence (3.5%). The study showed that there was a need to encourage the practice of good personal hygiene and sanitation. The health implication of low level of hygiene and faecal pollution of the environment related to prevalence is discussed.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma and is common among the rural community dwellers that have occupation or recreation activities that link them with infected water bodies. The disease wreak a lot of havoc in the victims which range from anaemia, increase risk of liver fibrosis and bladder cancer, enlarged liver, difficult and painful urination, infertility etc. Nigeria has been reported to be the most endemic country in the world for schistosomiasis with about 29 million infected cases. However, people with urinary schistosomiasis are vulnerable to secondary infections caused by bacteria as a result of the break down in the mucosa barrier occasioned by the wear and tear of the spiny eggs of the schistosomes. Meanwhile, the control measures instituted by various agencies against schistosomiasis paid little attention to its co-infection with bacteria. This study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis and co-infection with bacteria in parts of Ondo State, Nigeria. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Ondo State Ministry of Health, Akure. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations, and microbiological analysis of the urine samples collected were performed using standard techniques. Of the five hundred and nine (509) urine collected, ova of Schistosoma haematobium were detected in one hundred and twenty one 121 (23.77%), significant bacteriuria was detected in 104 (20.43%) and co-infection was detected in thirty six 36 (29.75%) of schistosomiasis cases. There was a positive association between urinary schistosomiasis and bacteriuria (X2(1) = 8.481, p = 0.004). This study revealed a high occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis and significant bacteriuria in the study areas which suggests that bacterial presence may be a potent complication in the management of urinary schistosomiasis.