IntroductionThe satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) is a brief five-item measure of global life satisfaction rated on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). It is noted as one of the most popular scales in the measurement of life satisfaction.ObjectivesTo test the psychometric properties of SWLS.AimsTo create a valid measurement, easy to use for primary care and during treatment assessment in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), emotional disorder (ED) and general population (GP).MethodsTranslation of SWLS was performed using the multiple forward and backward translation protocol. Life orientation test (GrLOT-R), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), was also administered to check construct validity of SWLS.Results809 adults participated, 175 (21.6%) male, 634 (78.4%) female. The total scale of the SWLS had a coefficient alpha of .831. Item - total correlations where from .253-.783. Factor analysis has supported a unidimensional model with 1 factor explaining 68% of the total variance. Mean scores differed significantly between GP (M = 21 ± 6.3), DM (19.1 ± 6.2) and ED (M = 17.2 ± 6.9) (Mean differences = 1.847 and 3.723 p < .001 respectively). There was significant negative correlation with stress (r = -.297 p < .001), anxiety (-.297 p < .001) and depression (r = -.499 p < .001) and positive correlation with GrLOT-R (r = .499 p < .001).ConclusionsThe results of the current validation study suggest that the Greek translation of the SWLS is both reliable and valid, with good construct and discriminant validity and psychometric properties close to those reported in the international literature.
IntroductionResearch has suggested that individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are twice as likely to suffer from depression, compared with the general population. In addition, women with DM show increased risk for developing depression or depressive symptomsObjectivesTo compare the self evaluation DM patients with depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS).AimsTo reveille the possible gender differences, regarding depression anxiety and stress in DM.Methods272 DM patients (74(27.2%) males / 198(72.8%) females), in two outpatients’ clinics in Athens-Greece took part in the study. DASS was used for the evaluation of depression. Statistical analysis was were performed with SPSS-16.0.ResultsWomen had a significantly higher mean score (MA = 6.9 ± 7.2) in anxiety and depression (MD = 8.1 ± 7.4) than men (MA = 4.8 ± 4.6) and (MD = 4.7 ± 5.6), (T = -2.543 p < .05) and (T = -2.812 p < .05) respectively. Women had also a significant difference concerning depression comorbidity, with more women (21,2%) suffering from depressive disorder than men (5,4%), chi square test = 9.578 p < .05.ConclusionsAnalysis revealed that female gender is a significant risk factor for negative feelings and depressive comorbidity among patients with DM.
IntroductionFatigue is of great clinical and investigational importance. It is a prevalent symptom in the general population and it is a central symptom in many diseases, while fatigue is considered a normal occurrence in daily life, it is also a symptom associated with a variety of physiological and psychological conditions.ObjectivesTo compare levels of the various aspects of fatigue with sociodemografic characteristics in order to build a model explaining fatigue in general population.AimsTo see if negative emotions are significant predictors of fatigue.MethodsWe conducted a survey in a random sample of 712 healthy adults (534 women and 169 men), using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 16 for windows. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to look for independent associations between the five domains of the MFI and the variables of interest.ResultsIn general fatigue, stress (b = .217 p < .05) and satisfaction with life (b = -.143 p < .05) along with sex, education and PCS12 explained 47% of the variance. In reduced motivation stress (b = .246 p < .05) and depression (b = .266 p < .05) explained 34% of the variance. In mental fatigue, reduced activity and physical fatigue, only sociodemografic characteristics and health related quality of life had significant effect in the models.ConclusionsA small part of fatigue in general population is explained from negative emotions, but a larger amount of the variance is explained by sex, education and age. Also limitations in day activities pay a significant role in the model of fatigue.
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