Total and partial (4d ', 4f ', 5s ', 5p ', Sd ', 6s ') cross sections of atomic Ba, La, and Ce have been determined by absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy in the range of the giant 4d~(4f, ef) resonances. Many electron theories that take polarization and relaxation effects into account describe the gross features of the spectra but in many cases fail to reproduce the exact energy positions, line shapes, and amplitudes of the resonances in the cross sections of the main and satellite lines.
Excitation and decay of the 4d '(4, e)f giant resonances of atomic Sm, Eu, and Gd have been investigated by photoabsorption and photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental total and partial cross sections are compared to those predicted by many-electron theories. Autoionization into the 4f 'el continuum dominates. The character of the giant resonances is closer to that of a 4d '4f resonance than to that of a 4d 'ef shape resonance encountered for Ba and La.
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