The article shows the results of the influence of different concentrations of allelochemicals of Acer negundo L. leaf litter, germination energy, absolute germination of seeds and plant growth. The seeds of Raphanus sativus L. and Avena sativa L. were used as model objects. Active substances contained in leaf litter A. negundo, have a selective inhibitory effect on the germination of seeds and the growth of seedlings of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The allelopathic effect of the fall is not a limiting factor for the germination of seeds of herbaceous plants of the above-ground cover of the studied plantation.
In the cultural space of the current period of history, the intensification of the process of cultural transfer contributes to a change in the canonical circle of national creativity, including in gardening art. Therefore, understanding the modern interpretation of the ideal space, which has always been understood as a garden, is important for determining the trends in the development of ornamental gardening in general. Intensive cultural exchange within the ancient empires gave rise to a worldwide process of universal economic, political and cultural integration and unification, called globalization. To understand this process, it is necessary to take into account a number of factors that allow foreign cultural traditions to take root, in our case, the traditions of ornamental gardening. The objects of research were more than 200 gardens in China, Japan, Vietnam, India, Morocco and European countries personally visited and studied by the authors for 25 years. The article shows how the Chinese garden culture influenced the formation of the appearance of the gardens of Europe, and the Greco-Roman architecture largely shaped the appearance of the English landscape park. An analysis of the facts presented in the article showed a close relationship between historical events and periods of development of decorative gardening techniques, which have been preserved in gardens for thousands of years along with other cultural monuments. However, it must be remembered that there is also a negative side of globalization -the loss of the cultural identity of countries and peoples.
In the cultural history of China for many millennia, plants have played a significant role in fine and applied arts, landscape architecture, cooking and healing. At the dawn of civilization, plants were used by people to survive in difficult conditions, mainly for food and medical purposes. With the spiritual development of society, the emergence of philosophical and religious teachings, the expansion of botanical knowledge, they became increasingly integrated into the daily life of ethnic groups, becoming objects of worship and hoped for symbolism and imagery. Often the same plants of local flora can be found in gardens, in pharmacopoeias, and in culinary recipes. Considering the most popular plants of Chinese gardens, the authors analyze the general patterns of the use of local plants in the cultural field of various regions of China and their impact on certain branches of knowledge in other countries. The example given in the article of the spread of folk herbal medicine from one country around the world makes it possible to assess the processes of globalization taking place in the field of culture.
Nikitsky Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in Russia. For more than two centuries of history, the appearance of the garden has repeatedly changed. A significant amount of work on the development of the territory dates back to the post-war period. In the late 40s, a staircase with a cascade of pools was erected, the structure of the axis of which is built on the principle of an enfilade with adjacent spatial elements that create a through expressive perspective. The appearance of the cascade changed in the following years. The conducted historical analysis and visual full-scale surveys of the Lower Park of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden along the axis of the Cascade Staircase showed the loss of the integrity of the visual connection between the spatial elements. The article proposes the concept of restoring visual connections. The territory of the object was divided according to the compositional principle into six zones. The space includes a number of viewpoints from which an overview of various parts of the landscape is revealed, consisting of viewing platforms, vegetation, water objects and other elements connected by stairs. It is possible to restore the connections between the viewpoints of the garden and the landscapes perceived from them on this object using the methods of arboristics and arboplasty. This will significantly improve the aesthetic appearance of the space, restore its integrity and a certain solemnity inherent in the formation.
The article examines a number of causal relationships, historical events and traditional beliefs directly influenced on the Japanese garden structure and layout. The data on the adaptation of the Chinese theory of Feng Shui by the Japanese ethnic group are presented. Based on the survey of 27 landscape architecture objects in Kyoto, created over 1000 years from the Heian period to the end of the Meiji period, the author concludes that one of the most important Japanise garden planning concept is the mountain and water polarity on the North-South axis in gardens.
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