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We describe the development of a new suite of aerosol models for the retrieval of atmospheric and oceanic optical properties from the SeaWiFS and MODIS sensors, including aerosol optical thickness (τ), angstrom coefficient (α), and water-leaving radiance (L(w)). The new aerosol models are derived from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations and have bimodal lognormal distributions that are narrower than previous models used by the Ocean Biology Processing Group. We analyzed AERONET data over open ocean and coastal regions and found that the seasonal variability in the modal radii, particularly in the coastal region, was related to the relative humidity. These findings were incorporated into the models by making the modal radii, as well as the refractive indices, explicitly dependent on relative humidity. From these findings, we constructed a new suite of aerosol models. We considered eight relative humidity values (30%, 50%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%) and, for each relative humidity value, we constructed ten distributions by varying the fine-mode fraction from zero to 1. In all, 80 distributions (8 Rh×10 fine-mode fractions) were created to process the satellite data. We also assumed that the coarse-mode particles were nonabsorbing (sea salt) and that all observed absorptions were entirely due to fine-mode particles. The composition of the fine mode was varied to ensure that the new models exhibited the same spectral dependence of single scattering albedo as observed in the AERONET data. The reprocessing of the SeaWiFS data show that, over deep ocean, the average τ(865) values retrieved from the new aerosol models was 0.100±0.004, which was closer to the average AERONET value of 0.086±0.066 for τ(870) for the eight open-ocean sites used in this study. The average τ(865) value from the old models was 0.131±0.005. The comparison of monthly mean aerosol optical thickness retrieved from the SeaWiFS sensor with AERONET data over Bermuda and Wallops Island show very good agreement with one another. In fact, 81% of the data points over Bermuda and 78% of the data points over Wallops Island fall within an uncertainty of ±0.02 in optical thickness. As a part of the reprocessing effort of the SeaWiFS data, we also revised the vicarious calibration gain factors, which resulted in significant improvement in angstrom coefficient (α) retrievals. The average value of α from the new models over Bermuda is 0.841±0.171, which is in good agreement with the AERONET value of 0.891±0.211. The average value of α retrieved using old models is 0.394±0.087, which is significantly lower than the AERONET value.

[1] Previous studies have suggested that there should be secular trends in polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) occurrence frequency and brightness on decadal timescales and that those trends would be strongest at the lowest latitudes of the PMC existence region. We have analyzed the 27-year PMC data set created from Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV, SBUV/2) satellite instruments for long-term variations in albedo using three latitude bands (50°-64°, 64°-74°, 74°-82°). The improved version 3 data set includes revisions to the PMC detection algorithm to produce more consistent results in all measurement conditions. A detailed error analysis yields an approximate uncertainty of 1-2% for seasonally averaged 252-nm albedo values. Adjustments for local time variations in PMC brightness between different satellite data sets were derived to ensure accurate trend calculations. Multiple linear regression fits show that albedo variations are anticorrelated with solar activity in all latitude bands, with a stronger response at high latitudes. The albedo increase from solar maximum to solar minimum ranges from +2% at 50°-64°S to +17% at 74°-82°N. Secular trends in albedo are positive, with long-term changes over 27 years ranging from +12% to +20% depending on hemisphere and latitude. The derived long-term trend in PMC albedo at 50°-64°is smaller than that of higher latitudes. This result contradicts previous suggestions that PMC brightness changes might be most rapid at low latitudes. The albedo response to solar variations is larger in the Northern Hemisphere, while long-term trends are approximately the same in both hemispheres.Citation: DeLand, M. T., E. P. Shettle, G. E. Thomas, and J. J. Olivero (2007), Latitude-dependent long-term variations in polar mesospheric clouds from SBUV version 3 PMC data,

Previous satellite measurements have provided nearly complete seasonal and geographic coverage of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs), but previous data sets have not been able to evaluate changes in PMC behavior on decadal timescales. The Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) series of ozone measuring instruments have been flying continuously since 1978. While the instrument design is not optimized for PMC detection, the radiance data can be analyzed to examine the occurrence frequency and intensity of relatively bright PMCs. In this paper, we present PMC results from five SBUV and SBUV/2 instruments covering more than 23 years (1978–2002), starting just before the maximum of solar cycle 21 and extending through the maximum of solar cycle 23. The overlapping data sets from nearly identical instruments give an accurate picture of long‐term variations. Multiple linear regression fits are used to examine solar and secular correlations. PMC occurrence frequency is anticorrelated with solar Lyman alpha irradiance, with an approximate 0.5‐year phase lag in the Northern Hemisphere (Rsolar = −0.87) and no phase lag in the Southern Hemisphere (Rsolar = −0.65). The distribution of cloud brightness by season appears to be changing over time. When the PMC brightness for each season is characterized using an exponential cumulative distribution function, the exponent decreases in magnitude by a factor of 2 from 1978 to 2002 in the Southern Hemisphere (Rtime = +0.85). This implies an increase in the relative proportion of the brightest PMCs. The secular brightness trend is less significant in the Northern Hemisphere (Rtime = +0.58). We discuss possible origins for these changes.

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We present a semi-empirical analytic formula for calculating the direct, diffuse and global solar middle-ultraviolet radiation (280-340 nm) reaching the ground. The formula accommodates variations in wavelength, solar angle, ozone thickness, aerosol thickness, ground albedo, ground elevation, and cloudiness. Analytic representations of biological action spectra are also presented for use in calculations of effective dose at any time of day. Our purpose is to provide a basis for estimating approximate changes in middle-ultraviolet radiation levels reaching the ground caused by anthropogenic changes in the intervening atmosphere.:

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Abstract. Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement (POAM) III, a follow-on to the successful POAM II, is a spaceborne experiment designed to measure the vertical profiles of ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosol extinction in the polar stratosphere and upper troposphere with a vertical resolution of 1-2 km. Measurements are made by the solar occultation technique. POAM III, now in polar orbit aboard the SPOT 4 satellite, is providing data on north-and southpolar ozone phenomena, including the south-polar ozone hole, and on the spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric aerosols, polar stratospheric clouds, and polar mesospheric clouds.