Observations of boreal forest fire smoke in the stratosphere by POAM III, SAGE II, and lidar in 1998

Fromm, M.; Alfred, Jerome; Hoppel, K. W.; Hornstein, J.; Bevilacqua, R. M.; Shettle, E. P.; Servranckx, R.; Li, Zhanqing; Stocks, B. J.

doi:10.1029/1999gl011200

Cited by 205 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…With this work we have attempted to reduce the unknowns by revealing several additional occasions when pyroCbs were either a significant or sole cause for the type of stratospheric pollution usually attributed to volcanic injections. Now it is established that pyroCb activity is sufficiently frequent that a measurable stratospheric increase in aerosols attributable to this process occurred in 1989-91, 1992 (Livesey et al 2004), 1998 (Fromm et al 2000(Fromm et al , 2005, and 2001-04 (Fromm et al 2006(Fromm et al , 2008aCammas et al 2009). Unpublished analyses of satellite data (e.g., SAGE II aerosol profiles and imager data) have also revealed pyroCbs and stratospheric aerosol layers that are attributable to the Great China Fire in May 1987 (Cahoon et al 1994) and the Yellowstone fires of 1988 (Alexander 2009).…”

Section: Pyroconvection In 2002mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Superimposed on this important topic is a relatively new discovery. In 1998 a remarkable manifestation of extreme wildfire impact was identified: there was smoke in the stratosphere that was hemispheric in scope, spanning into the stratospheric "overworld" 1 (Fromm et al 2000). The cause is now known to be a particularly energetic form of blowup: pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb; see 1st ed.,s.v.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Untold Story of Pyrocumulonimbus

Fromm¹,

Lindsey²,

Servranckx³

et al. 2010

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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Section: Pyroconvection In 2002mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Untold Story of Pyrocumulonimbus

Fromm¹,

Lindsey²,

Servranckx³

et al. 2010

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

Self Cite

299

313

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“…In their study for the year 2006, Labonne et al (2007), reported that the smoke from the fires in Eastern Europe is often contained within the mixing layer, but the authors report also a large number of cases where the smoke extends well above the ECMWF diagnosed top height. Direct injection of smoke in high free-tropospheric altitudes has been also reported in the past for biomass burning events in mid and high latitudes (Fromm et al, 1998;Jost et al, 2004). Taking into account the large range of injection heights for the studied area, we have tried to further investigate the relation between the fire intensity and the injection height.…”

Section: Smoke Injection In Respect To Mixing Height Fire Intensity mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke injection heights from agricultural burning in Eastern Europe as seen by CALIPSO

et al. 2010

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Abstract. High frequency of agricultural fires is observed every year during the summer months over SW Russia and Eastern Europe. This study investigates the initial injection height of aerosol generated by the fires over these regions during the biomass burning season, which determines the potential for long-range transport of the smoke. This information is critical for aerosol transport modeling, as it determines the smoke plume evolution. The study focuses on the period 2006-2008, and is based on observations made by the CALIOP instrument on board the NASA CALIPSO satellite. MODIS data are synergistically used for the detection of the fires and the characterization of their intensity. CALIPSO aerosol vertical distributions generated by the active fires are analyzed to investigate the aerosol top height which is considered dependent on the heat generated by the fires and can be associated with the initial injection height. Aerosol top heights of the vertically homogenous smoke layers are found to range between 1.6 and 5.9 km. Smoke injection heights from CALIPSO are compared with mixing layer heights taken by the European Centre for Mediumrange Weather Forecast (ECMWF), to investigate the direct injection of smoke particles into the free troposphere. Our results indicate that the aerosol plumes are observed within the boundary layer for the 50% of the cases examined. For the rest of the cases, the strong updrafts generated by the fires resulted to smoke injection heights greater than the ECMWF estimated mixing layer by 0.5 to 3.0 km, indicating a direct smoke injection into the free troposphere. The smoke injecCorrespondence to: V. Amiridis (vamoir@space.noa.gr) tion height showed a dependence on the MODIS-Land Fire Radiative Power product which is indicative of the fire intensity, especially in the cases of lower static stability in the upper part of the boundary layer and the free troposphere.

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“…Additional buoyancy may be gained from latent heat release of condensation, which plays an important role in determining the effective injection height of the plume, that is, its terminal height. In that way, emissions from biomass burning can have a direct and rapid transport into the planetary boundary layer, the free troposphere, and even the stratosphere (e.g., Fromm et al, 2000), developing pyro-convection. This convective scale transport mechanism is simulated by embedding a 1-D time-dependent cloud model (Freitas et al, 2007) with appropriate lower boundary conditions in each column of WRF-Chem (the host model).…”

Section: Plume Rise and Online Estimation Of Injection Heightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inclusion of biomass burning in WRF-Chem: impact of wildfires on weather forecasts

et al. 2011

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Abstract.A plume rise algorithm for wildfires was included in WRF-Chem, and applied to look at the impact of intense wildfires during the 2004 Alaska wildfire season on weather simulations using model resolutions of 10 km and 2 km. Biomass burning emissions were estimated using a biomass burning emissions model. In addition, a 1-D, timedependent cloud model was used online in WRF-Chem to estimate injection heights as well as the vertical distribution of the emission rates. It was shown that with the inclusion of the intense wildfires of the 2004 fire season in the model simulations, the interaction of the aerosols with the atmospheric radiation led to significant modifications of vertical profiles of temperature and moisture in cloud-free areas. On the other hand, when clouds were present, the high concentrations of fine aerosol (PM 2.5 ) and the resulting large numbers of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) had a strong impact on clouds and cloud microphysics, with decreased precipitation coverage and precipitation amounts during the first 12 h of the integration. During the afternoon, storms were of convective nature and appeared significantly stronger, probably as a result of both the interaction of aerosols with radiation (through an increase in CAPE) as well as the interaction with cloud microphysics.

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Observations of boreal forest fire smoke in the stratosphere by POAM III, SAGE II, and lidar in 1998

Cited by 205 publications

References 12 publications

The Untold Story of Pyrocumulonimbus

The Untold Story of Pyrocumulonimbus

Smoke injection heights from agricultural burning in Eastern Europe as seen by CALIPSO

Inclusion of biomass burning in WRF-Chem: impact of wildfires on weather forecasts

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