Candida species, belonging to commensal microbial communities in humans, cause opportunistic infections in individuals with impaired immunity. Pathogens encountered in more than 90% cases of invasive candidiasis include C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. The most frequently diagnosed invasive infection is candidemia. About 50% of candidemia cases result in deep-seated infection due to hematogenous spread. The sensitivity of blood cultures in autopsy-proven invasive candidiasis ranges from 21% to 71%. Non-cultural methods (beta-D-glucan, T2Candida assays), especially beta-D-glucan in combination with procalcitonin, appear promising in the exclusion of invasive candidiasis with high sensitivity (98%) and negative predictive value (95%). There is currently a clear deficiency in approved sensitive and precise diagnostic techniques. Omics technologies seem promising, though require further development and study. Therapeutic options for invasive candidiasis are generally limited to four classes of systemic antifungals (polyenes, antimetabolite 5-fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins) with the two latter being highly effective and well-tolerated and hence the most widely used. Principles and methods of treatment are discussed in this review. The emergence of pan-drug-resistant C. auris strains indicates an insufficient choice of available medications. Further surveillance, alongside the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, is essential.

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Candida auris—a fungus (yeast) that can cause hospital outbreaks was first recognized in 2009. The authors report data on 38 cases of C. auris bloodstream infections in multidisciplinary hospitals situated in two distantly located regions of Russia, considering predisposing factors, antifungal susceptibility of isolates, treatment, and outcomes. Interhospital transfers of patients and labor migration contributed to the spread of C. auris. The South Asian lineage of the studied strains was indicated by K143R substitution in ERG11 gene and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer and D1-D2 domain. All isolates from C. auris candidemia cases were susceptible to echinocandins. High-level resistance to fluconazole and resistance to amphotericin B were present in the majority of strains. The overall all-cause mortality rate in C. auris bloodstream infections was 55.3% and the 30-day all-cause mortality rate 39.5%. The attributable mortality was 0%. Eradication of C. auris from blood was associated with the favourable outcomes in patients. It was achieved irrespective of whether antifungal preparations within or outside the susceptibility range were administered. Further international surveillance and studies providing consensus guidelines for the management of C. auris infections are needed.

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Резюме. В статье представлены результаты оценки чувствительности к 16 антимикробным препаратам 421 штамма Klebsiella pneumoniae, выделенных в 2015 г. из различного материала пациентов многопрофильного стационара с нозокомиальными гнойно-септическими инфекциями. Большая часть штаммов была нечувствительна к комбинациям ампициллин/клавуланат (91,4%), тикарциллин/клавуланат (81,9%) и пиперациллин/тазобактам (69,4%), а также к фторхинолонам (83,6%), цефалоспоринам III и IV поколения (79,8%) и гентамицину (72,9%), треть культур (34,2%) проявляла нечувствительность к амикацину. Выявлен высокий удельный вес штаммов K. pneumoniae, нечувствительных к карбапенемам (53,0%-к эртапенему, 42,8%-к меропенему и 37,1%-к имипенему), а также культур с ассоциированной резистентностью к АМП разных групп-цефалоспоринам, аминогликозидам и фторхинолонам, который составил более половины от общего числа штаммов (57,7%), включая 44,2% культур, устойчивых еще и к карбапенемам. Наибольшую активность в отношении K. pneumoniae проявляли фосфомицин (8,5% устойчивых культур) и тигециклин, при этом все нечувствительные к последнему штаммы (7,4%) относились к категории микроорганизмов с промежуточной устойчивостью, минимальная подавляющая концентрация тигециклина составила для них 2 мкг/мл. Выявлено большое разнообразие спектров антибиотикорезистентности K. pneumoniae с высоким удельным весом штаммов с фенотипом множественной устойчивости (87,2%). Резистентность к карбапенемам у клебсиелл в многопрофильном стационаре была детерминирована либо геном bla OXA-48 (59,3% устойчивых к карбапенемам изолятов), либо геном bla NDM-1 (40,7% резистентных к карбапенемам клебсиелл).

Biodiversity and number of airborne fungi isolated from indoor and outdoor air of different location in the areas of arctic settlement Tiksi (Russian Arctic) are described. Different locations (coastal areas, landscape, streets of Tiksi, abandoned empty houses, flats, public buildings) were observed. Aeromycota characterized by a significant biodiversity (50 species), but only several species were abundant. Airborne fungal spores concentration (CFU) in Tiksi locations was found low. The maximum spore concentrations were observed in air of the abandoned empty houses (inhabited in the past). Many species common for soil were observed at the samples taken at streets and abandoned buildings. Most of them are also known as inhabitants of building materials. Microfungi CFU at settlement territory was twice as high as natural territory. Phospholipase, albuminase and hemolytic activities of microfungi isolates as well as their relation to temperature were studied. Most of the tested isolates demonstrated high levels of all the tested activities. It was concluded that there is a risk of ''mold'' allergy diseases for the people especially with weakening of immunity at arctic settlement Tiksi. Main sources of the air contamination in arctic settlements and houses could be many anthropogenic substrates which were colonized by soil fungi.

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