<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Oncocytic neoplasms as tumors arising in the adrenal glands are rare, usually considered as nonfunctional and benign. In the current literature, there are extremely limited reports of adrenal oncocytic neoplasms; as to date, only 147 cases have been described. The rarity of the event prompted this study which reviews and presents the incidence, histology, diagnosis and therapy of adrenal oncocytic neoplasms. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> A review by systematic literature search was done using the MEDLINE®/Cochrane libraries from 1950 to date using the medical subject headings ‘oncocytoma', ‘adrenal gland', ‘adrenal oncocytoma', ‘adrenal oncocytic neoplasm' and ‘adrenal oncocytic carcinoma'. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Adrenal oncocytic neoplasm is a rare disease, usually incidentally detected because only 17% are functional adrenal masses. The typical oncocyte displays abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, due to the accumulation of mitochondria. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are not able to identify or differentiate benign and malignant oncocytic neoplasms. The mainstay of therapy is adrenalectomy, recently performed by laparoscopy. The prognosis is good for benign tumors, while adrenocortical oncocytic carcinoma has a poor survival rate of only 5 years. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Adrenal oncocytic neoplasm, a rare and mostly benign tumor, usually presents as an incidental, large adrenal mass; surgery is the mainstay of therapy, by means of laparoscopy which is now the most diffuse approach to adrenalectomy.

BackgroundSymbiosis in insects is accumulating significant amount of studies: the description of a wide array of mutualistic associations across the evolutionary history of insects suggests that resident microbiota acts as a driving force by affecting several aspects of hosts biology.Among arthropods, mosquito midgut microbiota has been largely investigated, providing crucial insights on the role and implications of host-symbiont relationships. However, limited amount of studies addressed their efforts on the investigation of microbiota colonizing salivary glands and reproductive tracts, crucial organs for pathogen invasion and vertical transmission of symbiotic microorganisms. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based approach, we analysed the microbiota of gut, salivary glands and reproductive tracts of several mosquito species, representing some of the main vectors of diseases, aiming at describing the dynamics of bacterial communities within the individual.ResultsWe identified a shared core microbiota between different mosquito species, although interesting inter- and intra-species differences were detected. Additionally, our results showed deep divergences between genera, underlining microbiota specificity and adaptation to their host.ConclusionsThe comprehensive landscape of the bacterial microbiota components may ultimately provide crucial insights and novel targets for possible application of symbionts in innovative strategies for the control of vector borne diseases, globally named Symbiotic Control (SC), and suggesting that the holobiont of different mosquito species may significantly vary. Moreover, mosquito species are characterized by distinctive microbiota in different organs, likely reflecting different functions and/or adaptation processes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1266-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Penile cancer as primary disease is relatively rare in developed countries. The penis is a rare site of metastases in spite of its rich vascularization. Approximately 500 cases have been reported in the literature; almost 70% of primary lesions are of pelvic origin (from genitourinary or recto-sigmoid primary tumors). We describe a case of penile metastasis from lung cancer. The rarity of the event prompted us to also explore related reviews and discuss the incidence, physiopathology, diagnosis and therapy of penile secondary cancer.

Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy provides outcomes as good as those of abdominal sacrocolpopexy for anatomical correction but not for anterior pelvic organ prolapse.