General physics textbooks usually introduce fundamental concepts on the basis of controversial philosophical outlooks—usually one or another form of philosophical empiricism—without indicating this either to the student or the instructor. The philosophical approaches in a number of currently used textbooks are examined critically from a dialectical materialist viewpoint.
The differential cross section for elastic scattering of 3.63-GeV/c x~ mesons on protons was studied with a hydrogen bubble chamber, the emphasis being on large-angle scattering. From 90 to 180° in the barycentric system, the cross section is roughly flat with an average value of 2.7rfcl.O jub/sr. Near and at 180°, there may be a slight peak of magnitude 10±6 //b/sr. But if such a peak exists, it is only one-third to one-fourth the size of the 180° peak found in 4.0 GeV/c w +J rp elastic scattering. In addition to comparison with other iT+p and w + -\-p large-angle elastic-scattering measurements, this measurement is compared with largeangle p-\-p elastic scattering. In the forward hemisphere a small peak or a plateau exists at cos 6*-+0.60. This appears to be a second diffraction maximum such as has been found in lower-energy ir-\-p elastic scattering. A survey of indications of such a second diffraction maximum in other ir-\-p measurements shows that it always occurs in the vicinity of -/= 1.2 (GeV/c) 2 , where t is the square of the four-momentum transfer. As the incident momentum increases, the relative size of this second maximum decreases.
to be published. 6 The Doppler-shift program was written by S. Baker at Argonne National Laboratory, according to the work of E. Blaugrund, Nucl. Phys. 88, 501 (1966). 7 Agrees quite well with the recent measurement of 0.57e 2 b 3 by R. Broglia, J. S. Lilley, R. Perazzo, and W. R. Phillips (to be published) but is about 40 % lower than the values reported by J. F. Ziegler and G. A.
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