Bovine piroplasmosis is caused by tick-borne hemoprotozoans of the genera Babesia and Theileria and is the most prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries, causing a major economic impact worldwide. In the current study, a total of 405 cattle of different ages, sexes, and breeds were randomly sampled for surveying and diagnosis of babesiosis and theileriosis using three methods: direct microscopy (blood smears), indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Giemsa-stained blood smears revealed that, out of 405 examined cattle, 33 (8.15 %) were infected with Babesia sp. and 65 (16.05 %) with Theileria sp. (total number of infected cattle was 98). Mixed infection was seen in 11 (2.72 %) animals. Moreover, application of the three diagnostic assays on 158 randomly sampled cattle indicated that 17 (10.76 %) and 33 (20.89 %) were positive for Babesia and Theileria spp. by the direct smear technique, 25 (15.82 %) and 33 (20.89 %) by IFAT (fluorescence was greenish yellow for Babesia and yellowish for Theileria), and 20 (12.66 %) and 38 (24.05 %) by PCR. Using primers specific for Babesia and Theileria spp., we found that diagnostic bands appeared at ~350 and ~370 bp, respectively indicating the presence of these piroplasms. Statistically, there was a non-significant difference of the positivity in response to the three techniques; thus, any of these methods can be described as useful for diagnosing blood parasites in both domesticated animals and birds. On the basis of the obtained results, it could be concluded that direct microscopy can be used in acute infections, whereas IFAT and PCR are useful in chronicity.

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Tetanus is a cut and often highly fatal infectious disease that affects both human and animals; the disease caused by exotoxin which produced by C. tetani. In the current study, we try to get hyperimmune IgY in chicken egg against tetanus toxin and use it as prophylaxis and therapeutic treatment for tetanus. The obtained IgY titer after inoculation of tetanus toxin in chicken eggs was 1320 limit of flocculation (Lf-eq) after 72 hr. IgY in adose of 4500 Lf-eq can be protect donkey after artificial infection by 1 minimum lethal dose (MLD) of C. tetani. While a dose of 30000 Lf-eq IgY intramuscularly two times daily for 2 injections, with 9500 Limit of flocculation Lf-eq IgY intrathecally in subarachnoid space was 100% curative for a donkey which was challenged with 1 MLD of C. tetani. Furthermore, IgY was evaluated experimentally in comparison with IgG in mice. IgY has equally efficacy to IgG in prophylaxis and treatment of tetanus.

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Conclusion We have shown that four-corner arthrodesis using K-wires effectively achieves union, provides satisfactory pain relief, restores grip strength, allows return to original job, and preserves functional motion.

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Femoral neck fractures are intracapsular fractures that occur in the proximal femur in the area beginning distal to articular surface of the femoral head and ending just proximal to the intertrochantric region. to evaluate the functional outcome of bipolar hemiarthroplasty in patients with intra capsular femoral neck fractures . and to determine the factors affecting the outcome and to see whether bipolar hemiarthroplasty meets desired end result or not; patient will be evaluated using Harris hip score and radiographic assessment. The present work was a retrospective study including twenty patients. These patients were be followed up for minimum five years postoperatively and traced to detect their actual hip function and performance. The early complicated patients would be excluded. The mean age of the patients was 73.4 years. The Harris hip score showed satisfactory results at the end of follow up three patients (15%) had hip scores from 100 to 91 (excellent). eight patients (45%) cases had hip scores90 to 81 (good). Two patients (10%) were rated 80 to 70. (fair), and seven patients (35%) were rated below 70(poor) . The mean Harris hip score at the end of follow up was71.0 (range from 25.0-to97.0) with SD 22.4. It was found that the greater motion at the inner bearing correlated with better clinical results. Therefore the amount of motion at the two interfaces appears dependent on a number of variables and still a topic of debate.

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