The alternating- and direct-current (a.c. and d.c.) Josephson effects were first discovered in a system of two superconductors, the macroscopic wavefunctions of which are weakly coupled via a tunnelling barrier. In the a.c. Josephson effect, a constant chemical potential difference (voltage) is applied, which causes an oscillating current to flow through the barrier. Because the frequency is proportional to the chemical potential difference only, the a.c. Josephson effect serves as a voltage standard. In the d.c. Josephson effect, a small constant current is applied, resulting in a constant supercurrent flowing through the barrier. In a sense, the particles do not 'feel' the presence of the tall tunnelling barrier, and flow freely through it with no driving potential. Bose-Einstein condensates should also support Josephson effects; however, while plasma oscillations have been seen in a single Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction, the a.c. Josephson effect remains elusive. Here we observe the a.c. and d.c. Josephson effects in a single Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction. The d.c. Josephson effect has been observed previously only in superconducting systems; in our study, it is evident when we measure the chemical potential-current relation of the Bose-Einstein condensate Josephson junction. Our system constitutes a trapped-atom interferometer with continuous readout, which operates on the basis of the a.c. Josephson effect. In addition, the measured chemical potential-current relation shows that the device is suitable for use as an analogue of the superconducting quantum interference device, which would sense rotation.
When two Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC's) collide with high collisional energy, the celebrated matter wave interference pattern results. For lower collisional energies the repulsive interaction energy becomes significant, and the interference pattern evolves into an array of grey solitons. The lowest collisional energy, producing a single pair of solitons, has not been probed. We use density engineering on the healing length scale to produce such a pair of solitons. These solitons then evolve periodically between vortex rings and solitons, which we image in-situ on the healing length scale. The stable, periodic evolution is in sharp contrast to the behavior of previous experiments, in which the solitons decay irreversibly into vortex rings via the snake instability. The evolution can be understood in terms of conservation of mass and energy in a narrow condensate. The periodic oscillation between two qualitatively different forms seems to be a rare phenomenon in nature.
We measured the electronic-structure of FeSexTe1−x above and below Tc. In the normal state we find multiple bands with remarkably small values for the Fermi energy εF . Yet,below Tc we find a superconducting gap ∆ that is comparable in size to εF , leading to a ratio ∆/εF ≈ 0.5 that is much larger than found in any previously studied superconductor. We also observe an anomalous dispersion of the coherence peak which is very similar to the dispersion found in cold Fermi-gas experiments and which is consistent with the predictions of the BCS-BEC crossover theory.PACS numbers:
In an ideal bulk topological insulator (TI) conducting surface states protected by time-reversal symmetry enfold an insulating crystal. However, the archetypical TI, Bi 2 Se 3 , is actually never insulating; it is in fact a relatively good metal. Nevertheless, it is the most studied system among all the TIs, mainly due to its simple band structure and large spin-orbit gap. Recently, it was shown that copper intercalated Bi 2 Se 3 becomes superconducting and it was suggested as a realization of a topological superconductor. Here we use a combination of techniques that are sensitive to the shape of the Fermi surface (FS): the Shubnikov-de Haas effect and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study the evolution of the FS shape with carrier concentration, n. We find that as n increases, the FS becomes two-dimensional-like. These results are of crucial importance for understanding the superconducting properties of Cu x Bi 2 Se 3 .
We report point contact measurements in high quality single crystals of Cu0.2Bi2Se3. We observe three different kinds of spectra: 1) Andreev reflection spectra, from which we infer a superconducting gap size of 0.6mV. 2) Spectra with a large gap which closes above Tc at about 10K and 3) Tunnelinglike spectra with Zero Bias Conductance Peaks (ZBCP). These tunneling spectra show a very large gap of about 2meV (2∆/K b Tc ∼14).
Point contact conductance measurements on topological Bi 2 Te 2 Se and Bi 2 Se 3 films reveal a signature of superconductivity below 2-3 K. In particular, critical current dips and a robust zero-bias conductance peak are observed. The latter suggests the presence of zero-energy bound states that could be assigned to Majorana fermions in an unconventional topological superconductor. We attribute these observations to proximity-induced local superconductivity in the films by small amounts of superconducting Bi inclusions or segregation to the surface, and provide supportive evidence for these effects.
Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations are observed in Bi 2 Se 3 flakes with high carrier concentration and low bulk mobility. These oscillations probe the protected surface states and enable us to extract their carrier concentration, effective mass, and Dingle temperature. The Fermi momentum obtained is in agreement with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements performed on crystals from the same batch. We study the behavior of the Berry phase as a function of magnetic fields. The standard theoretical considerations fail to explain the observed behavior.
We explore the nature of the phases and an unexpected disorder-driven Mott insulator to metal transition in a single crystal of the layered dichalcogenide 1T-TaS2 that is disordered without changing the carrier concentration by Cu intercalation. Angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements reveal that increasing disorder introduces delocalized states within the Mott gap that lead to a finite conductivity, challenging conventional wisdom. Our results not only provide the first experimental realization of a disorder-induced metallic state but in addition also reveal that the metal is a non-Fermi liquid with a pseudogap with suppressed density of states that persists at finite temperatures. Detailed theoretical analysis of the two-dimensional disordered Hubbard model shows that the novel metal is generated by the interplay of strong interaction and disorder.
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