The main growing regions for winter wheat in the Russian Federation are the North Caucasian, Central Black Earth, and Central agroecological regions. Spring wheat crops dominate in the Urals, Volga region, and Western Siberia. Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important disease, impacting greatly on wheat production. In Russia, the disease was an annual problem until 2010 but has since been more effectively controlled. However, changes in virulence in pathogen populations may arise from climate change, evolving cropping practices, intense use of chemical protectants, and an increase in the release of resistant cultivars. In the 2000s, the State Register of the Russian Federation included an increase in the number of winter and spring wheat cultivars resistant to leaf rust. However, successful genetic protection requires a diversity of cultivars with different resistance genes (Lr genes). Studies by the All Russian Institute of Plant Protection identified Lr genes in Russian cultivars’ phenotypes and molecular markers. In addition, the prevalence of virulence in pathogen populations was studied and the influence of the cultivar used in wheat production on the changes in these populations was evaluated. This paper reviews research on the genetic diversity of winter and spring wheat cultivars included in the State Register of Russia from 2000 to 2020 and analyzes their impact on the prevalence of virulence in pathogen populations. These data demonstrate the continuous evolution of P. triticina in response to wheat breeding efforts. Populations of the pathogen showed higher variability in regions where pathotype-specific resistance cultivars were commonly grown.

| INTRODUC TI ONLeaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is the most common rust disease on wheat in Russia and its destructiveness has varied over time and between regions (Sanin, 2012). The use of resistant varieties is the most effective and environmentally friendly method of protection of wheat against leaf rust.Analysis of the population structure of P. triticina and its variability allows for the development of specific wheat varieties resistant to leaf rust and adjustment of their deployment in each separate region.P. triticina has a long history of population studies since physiologic specialization of wheat leaf rust was first described (Mains and Jackson, 1926). The first set of differentials, consisting of eight wheat varieties with different resistance genes (Malakoff [Lr1 gene], Carina [Lr2b = Lr2 2 ], Brevit [Lr2c = Lr2 3 ], Webster [Lr2a], Loros [Lr2 4 ], Mediterranean [Lr3a], Hussar [Lr11], and Democrat [Lr3a]), was suggested by Mains and Jackson (1926) and widely used for analysingAbstract Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is one of the most damaging rust diseases of wheat in Russia. Populations of P. triticina were monitored in seven regions of Russia from 2001 to 2018, with a total of 5,191 single urediniospore isolates from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) being analysed. Populations have changed significantly in all regions since 2012, after 2 years of drought (2010-2011). Regional collections of P. triticina were also significantly different between the two periods 2001-2009 and 2012-2018, with changes along two geographic gradients from West Siberia to the north-west and south-west (North Caucasia) of the European part of Russia. All tested isolates were avirulent to resistance gene Lr9 in 2001-2009 but, since 2010, virulence to Lr9 has occurred and annually increased in the Asian part of Russia (Ural and West Siberia) due to deployment of cultivars with the Lr9 gene. Virulence to Lr2a and Lr15 was considerably lower in Dagestan (6%-33%) andall European regions (35%-67%) than in Asian regions (84%-96%). During 2001-2009, virulence on Lr1 was also lower in Dagestan (33%) and the European regions (50%-77%) than in Asia (91%-96%); however, by 2012-2018, nearly all isolates were virulent on Lr1. Remarkable changes were observed in frequencies of P. triticina races defined by their virulence/avirulence to Lr1 and Lr2a genes. We postulate the P. triticina population in Dagestan is specific to that area and pathogen populations in European and Asian parts of Russia are distinct. K E Y W O R D SKosman distance, leaf rust, Lr resistance genes, population structure, Triticum aestivum | 861 GULTYAEVA ET AL.

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Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық ғылым академиясы "ҚР ҰҒА Хабаршысы" ғылыми журналының Web of Science-тің жаңаланған нұсқасы Emerging Sources Citation Index-те индекстелуге қабылданғанын хабарлайды. Бұл индекстелу барысында Clarivate Analytics компаниясы журналды одан əрі the Science Citation Index Expanded, the Social Sciences Citation Index жəне the Arts & Humanities Citation Index-ке қабылдау мəселесін қарастыруда. Web of Science зерттеушілер, авторлар, баспашылар мен мекемелерге контент тереңдігі мен сапасын ұсынады. ҚР ҰҒА Хабаршысының Emerging Sources Citation Index-ке енуі біздің қоғамдастық үшін ең өзекті жəне беделді мультидисциплинарлы контентке адалдығымызды білдіреді. НАН РК сообщает, что научный журнал «Вестник НАН РК» был принят для индексирования в Emerging Sources CitationIndex, обновленной версии Web of Science. Содержание в этом индексировании находится в стадии рассмотрения компанией Clarivate Analytics для дальнейшего принятия журнала в the Science Citation Index Expanded, the Social Sciences Citation Index и the Arts & Humanities Citation Index. Web of Science предлагает качество и глубину контента для исследователей, авторов, издателей и учреждений. Включение Вестника НАН РК в Emerging Sources Citation Index демонстрирует нашу приверженность к наиболее актуальному и влиятельному мультидисциплинарному контенту для нашего сообщества.

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Variability of the Russian population of Puccinia triticina from durum wheat was studied with virulence and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The pathogen was sampled during 2017 to 2019 in all regions with sizable durum wheat (Triticum durum) growing areas from winter (North Caucasus) and spring (Middle Volga, Ural, and West Siberia) wheat. A total of 474 isolates were tested on a set of 20 Lr-gene lines. Molecular genotypes for 105 selected isolates were determined at 11 SSR loci. Variable virulence/avirulence reaction was observed only on three Lr-gene lines, whereas just five SSR loci were polymorphic with two alleles at each. Seven different virulence phenotypes and 11 SSR genotypes were found among 474 and 105 isolates, respectively, indicating a very low variability of the pathogen. One virulence phenotype and three SSR genotypes occurred in all Russian regions. However, two phenotypes were specific to the European regions of Russia (North Caucasus and Middle Volga), while another two were found only in the Asian part of Russia (Ural and West Siberia). Significant differentiation between six populations of P. triticina from durum wheat in the Asian and European (mainly North Caucasus) regions was also shown with numerous metrics and approaches for data with and without clone correction. Relationships among the regional populations of P. triticina from durum wheat established with virulence phenotypes significantly associated with those for SSR genotypes and was similar to the relationships among the regional populations of the pathogen from common wheat.

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