We propose a novel, error-efficient approximate multiplier (EEAM), which is based on a rounding-based approach (RBA). Multiplication is performed using rounding, shift, and add operations. We round the input operands to the nearest power of two using RBA. The modified inputs are processed by an arithmetic block (AB), which consists of addition, subtraction, and shifter blocks. The proposed approximate multiplier has input operands whose widths range from 8-bit to 32-bits. We simulated the proposed multiplier by using Vivado and MATLAB. The proposed multiplier is also synthesized using the Cadence RTL compiler, and compared to prior approximate multiplier proposals, EEAM's delay and energy consumption are about of 22% and 57% better than the best known approximate multipliers. We also show that the proposed approximate multiplier's worst-case error, mean error distance, mean relative error distance, and normalized error distance are about 3%, 44%, 45%, and 13% improvement over existing approximate multipliers. Finally, we used the proposed approximate multiplier in an image smoothing filter., For this application, we observed that our multiplier provides higher PSNR and SSIM than any prior approximate multiplier.
irrelevant references or not being in scope of the journal or guest-edited issue. Based on the investigation's findings the Editor-in-Chief therefore no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of this article. Neither of the authors has responded to correspondence regarding this retraction.Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.