A comparative study of frequencies and types of Q-polymorphic variants in seven autosome pairs (3, 4, 13-15, 21, and 22) was performed in three steppe Mongoloid populations of Central Asia (Kazakhs, Dunghans, Mongolians) and three highland Kirghiz populations of Pamir and Tien-Shan. The three steppe Mongoloid populations showed statistically significant homogeneity both in the frequency of Q-polymorphic variants and the distribution of homo- and heteromorphs, with complete agreement of observed frequencies with those theoretically predicted by the law of Hardy-Weinberg. Similar homogeneity was revealed in the three highland Kirghiz populations of Pamir and Tien-Shan. However, comparative analysis of highland and steppe Mongoloids revealed significant differences in the following variables: (1) mean number of Q variants per individual, 2.50 and 3.49 in the highland and steppe populations, respectively; (2) frequency of Q variants in 7 of the 12 autosomes studied; and (3) distribution of homo- and heteromorphs in four autosomal pairs (13-15, 21), with a preponderance of individuals with increased hemomorph (-/-) frequency in highlanders. The following questions are discussed: (1) the possible selective value of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin material in the adaptation of human populations to extreme environmental factors, in particular to the high-altitude environment of Pamir and Tien-Shan; (2) the existence of intraracial heterogeneity in Mongoloids living in different ecological zones; and (3) the possible taxonomic value of Q-variant inversion in chromosome 3.
Chromosomal Q-polymorphism was studied in 198 Kirghiz subjects (98 males and 100 females) from one high-altitude isolate located in the south-eastern part of Kirghizia. Small samples of mountaineers (N = 37) and volunteer subjects (N = 34) were also studied. The samples studied did not differ significantly from each other in the relative frequencies of chromosomal variants in 12 loci of seven Q-polymorphic autosomes. The mean number of Q variants per individual in the populations ranged from 1.3 to 2.0. No sex differences were found in the frequencies of Q variants. The observed homo- and heteromorphic frequencies agreed with those predicted by the law of Hardy-Weinberg. The possible selective value of chromosomal Q heterochromatin material in the adaptation of human populations to high-altitude climate is discussed.
C polymorphism of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16 was studied in 447 Mongoloids of Central Asia living under different ecological conditions; two highland (Kirghiz) and three steppe (Kazakh, Mongolian, and Dungan) populations. C band sizes were estimated according to the semiquantitative 5-level method of Patil and Lubs (1977). All the ethnic groups studied showed statistically significant homogeneity in the frequency of C variants. It is suggested that chromosomal C-heterochromatin material has no selective value in the process of human adaptation to extreme high-altitude factors.
Chromosomal Q polymorphism was studied in 157 adolescents of Yakut nationality (67 males and 90 females) living in Eastern Siberia, on the territory of the Yakut ASSR. Of the 157 subjects, 123 had chromosomal Q variants while 34 (21.7%) had no Q-heterochromatin bands with fluorescence levels 4 and 5. The mean number of Q variants per individual ranged from 0 to 5, with a mean of 1.64. No differences were observed in the frequency of Q variants between sexes. The observed homo- and heteromorph frequencies always agreed with those predicted by the law of Hardy-Weinberg. Of the 157 subjects, four (2.55%) had pericentric inversion of the Q-heterochromatin band in chromosome 3. The following topics are discussed: possible selective value of chromosomal Q-heterochromatin material in the adaptation of human populations to extreme environmental factors, in particular to cold; the taxonomic value of chromosomal Q polymorphism in ethnic anthropology.
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