The connexion between Escherichia coli and intestinal disease was observed for the first time by Adam (1923), who described the types of Bact. coli found in toxic intestinal diseases of infants. Later he named these bacteria " dyspepsiecoli " (Adam, 1927) and divided them into six groups, A1-A6, according to their fermentative properties in relation to various sugars and alcohols. According to Adam, the two predominant types in clinical cases were Al and A4, and he designated them dyspepsiecoli sensu strictori. Goldschmidt (1933) typed these strains and found that they formed a separate serological group.Since then many workers (
One hundred and fifty patients with Bell’s palsy were examined for evidence of a preceding viral infection. Twenty-one patients reported having had such an infection, in most cases during the week preceding the onset of neurological symptoms. Fourteen patients had fever. In 12, there was an enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes. Nineteen patients had leucocytosis and another 6 a relative lymphocytosis. The ESR was temporarily elevated in 11 patients. Complement fixation tests for influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1 and 2, adenovirus, mumps, West-Nile fever and herpes simplex were negative in all the patients tested. Attempts to cultivate a virus from throat swabs, feces and blood also failed.
SUMMARY Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was found to be negligible in sterile human urines (less than 480 units, as presently defined, per litre). Significant XO (Brenner and Gilbert, 1963;Bank and Bailine, 1965;Mirabile et al., 1966;Montgomerie et al., 1966;Gault et al., 1967;Kallet and Lapco, 1967;Roberts et al., 1967). The diagnostic value of these methods is limited by the potential derivation of the respective urinary enzymatic activities from renal and urinary tract tissues and from blood cells and plasma (Bank and Bailine, 1965;Montgomerie et al., 1966;Gault et al., 1967;Mattenheimer, 1971;Wolf et al., 1973). As shown in the present study, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity is a correlate of urinary tract infection, the enzyme being derived from the pathogenic bacteria exclusively, while the above-mentioned enzyme sources are non-contributory. Material and methodsUrine samples were collected from 115 random patients admitted to hospital for a variety of disorders and whose urines had been sent for a variety of reasons for urine culture. In addition, urines were obtained from 12 jaundiced patients with acute hepatitis without urinary tract infection (serum bilirubin ranging from 3-5 to 11 7 mg/100 ml, SGOT from 253 to 1330 mU/ml), and from 18 patients with acute and chronic renal failure, three of the latter with urinary tract infection and 15 without. Received for publication 21 August 1977Urine samples were collected in the morning by midstream catch or by a catheter with strict aseptic technique. Gram-stained smears of unspun urine were examined in order to assess the presence of bacteria and leucocytes, as a guide to the presence of infection. The urines were cultured quantitatively on MacConkey's agar and blood agar plates. Arbitrarily, concentrations of 105 and more bacteria per 1 ml of urine were considered as significant for urinary tract infection. Bacteria isolated in cultures were subjected to further identification procedures. The urines were assayed for XO activity within one hour after collection. In addition, XO activity was measured in the sera obtained from the patients with acute hepatitis, and in renal and liver tissue samples obtained at necropsy from five patients with myocardial infarction without urinary tract infection and without jaundice.XO activity was assayed by incubation of 100 ,pI of the urine, serum or homogenised tissue samples in a total volume of 250 ,ul of 0 04 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8-0, containing 10 nmol of (8 -14C) hypoxanthine (25 mCi/mmol). After incubation at 370C for three hours, 100 tkI of 20% perchloric acid was added and the tubes were put in boiling water for 15 minutes, chilled, and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rev/min. The free purine bases in the supernatant were separated in the presence of carriers by thin-layer chromatography on Avicel (microcrystalline cellulose), using n-butanol :methanol :water :NH40H 25 % (60 :20:20:
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