Abstract. This study aims to determine the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO)supplementation in ruminant feed on the methane reduction in vitro. The study used rumen fluid with forage substrate and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40. The experiement consists of five kinds of VCO treatments, namely: R0 -feed substrates without VCO; R1 -feed substrates with 2% VCO; R2 -feed substrates with 4% VCO; R3 -feed substrates with 6% VCO; and R4 -feed substrates with 8% VCO. Each treatment was done three times. The fermentation used Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) at 39 o C for 48 hours. At the end of fermentation, measurements of methane and microbial activity of the rumen fluid were implemented. Data obtained were analyzed using a completely randomized design, and continued with Duncan test for examining the mean differences. The results showed that methane production descreased by 18.39% -29.7% when the feed was given 2% -8% VCO. Based in the findings, it can be concluded that the supplementation of 2% -8% VCO can be used a substrate for ruminant feed because it can reduce methane and does not interfere the microbial activity of the fermentation of rumen fluid through in vitro.Key words: methane reduction, virgin coconut oil, rumen fermentation, ruminant, in vitro Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suplementasi virgin coconut oil (VCO) pada pakan ruminansia terhadap reduksi metan secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan cairan rumen dengan substrat hijauan dan konsentrat dengan perbandingan 60:40. Percobaan ini terdiri dari lima macam perlakuan VCO yakni: R0: substrat pakan tanpa VCO; R1: substrat pakan dengan VCO 2%; R2: substrat pakan dengan VCO 4%; R3: Substrat pakan dengan VCO 6% dan R4 substrat pakan dengan 8% VCO. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan tiga kali ulangan. Fermentasi dilakukan menggunakan Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) pada suhu 39 o C selama 48 jam. Pada akhir fermentasi dilakukan pengukuran gas metan dan aktivitas mikrobia cairan rumen. Data dianalisa menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dan dilanjutkan dengan Duncan test untuk perbedaan rataan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa produksi metan mengalami penurunan sekitar 18,39%-29,7% ketika pakan diberi VCO sebanyak 2-8%. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi VCO 2-8% dapat digunakan sebagai substrat pakan ruminansia karena dapat mereduksi gas metan serta tidak mengganggu aktivitas mikrobia pada fermentasi cairan rumen secara in vitro.Kata kunci: reduksi metan, virgin coconut oil, fermentasi rumen,ruminansia, in vitro

ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ICE CREAM ADDING BY PURPLE SWEET POTATOES (Ipomea batatas L). This study was conducted to know about the use of purple sweet potatoes as an extender to ice cream on the organoleptic characteristics. The material used in this study were fresh milk, purple sweet potatoes and the ingredients for ice cream making. Four treatments tested in this study consisted of P0 (1000 ml of milk without purple sweet potatoes), P1 (1000 ml of milk plus purple sweet potatoes 150 g), P2 (1000 ml of milk plus purple sweet potatoes 300 g), P3 (1000 ml of milk plus purple sweet potatoes 450 g). This research used a complete randomized design and was tested by 35 of panelist to determine the organoleptic properties data of a purple sweet potato ice cream product. The data measured of in this research used hedonic scale. The variables measured consisted of color, flavor, texture, taste of ice cream. Determination of difference of average was done by DMRT test. The results of this study showed that the treatment was significant effect on color, flavor, texture and taste (P<0.01). The conclusion of this study based on organoleptic characteristics, the use of 450 g of purple sweet potatoes as an additive in 1000 ml of milk can be used on making of ice cream.Keywords: Ice cream, Purple Sweet Potato, Organoleptic Properties

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) terhadap asam propionat dan kualitas kimia daging domba. Ada tiga perlakuan dalam penelitian ini yakni R1 adalah komposisi pakan tanpa MCFA, sementara R2 dan R3 adalah komposisi pakan yang masing-masing mengandung MCFA 1,0% dan 1,5%. Pada penelitian ini digunakan dua belas ekor domba berumur satu tahun dengan berat hidup 16-17 kg sebagai ternak percobaan dan dipelihara selama tiga bulan. Setelah penelitian diambil cairan rumen untuk dianalisa asam propionat, kemudian dipotong dan diambil karkasnya untuk dianalisa komposisi kimia daging, kolesterol dan asam-asam lemak daging. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pakan penghambat metanogenik dengan kandungan MCFA 1,0-1,5% dapat digunakan pada pakan domba dan hasilnya adalah asam propinat cairan rumen meningkat 29,59-36,11%. Kolesterol daging menurun 7,14-10,06%. Untuk komposisi asam lemak daging, asam lemak tidak jenuh meningkat 9,05-17,96%, sedangkan asam lemak jenuh daging menurun 6,59 -11,88%. Kata kunci: komposisi kimia, asam-asam lemak, MCFA, asam propionat, domba ABSTRACTThis study aimed to determine the effect of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) on propionic acids and lamb meat chemical quality. The treatment given was R1: feed without medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), while R2 dan R3 were the feed contained 1.0% and 1.5% of MCFA, respectively. The twelve heads of lambs yearling weight of 16-17 kg were used as materials. Biological trial was done for three months and then was slaughtered. Before being slaughtered, the animal was taken rumen fluid to be analyzed for propionic acid. The carcass was sampled to be analyzed for chemical composition, cholesterol and fatty acids content. This study showed that methanogenic inhibitor feed with 1.0-1.5% MCFA could be used as sheep feed, and the results: the propionic acid content in rumen increased 29.59 -36.11%. The cholesterol content decreased 7.14-10.06%. For the meat fatty acids composition, unsaturated fatty acids increased 9.05 -17.96%. while saturated fatty acid decreased 6.59 -11.88%.

Abstract. Nangoy M, Sondakh E, Koneri R, Hadi UK.2021. Fly  species on cows around the Tangkoko Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi, Indonesia and their role as disease vectors. Biodiversitas 23: 631-636. Climate and land-use changes in additional to livestock rearing systems play a role in the distribution, species, and population of fly pests, which may pose a risk to humans and animal health. The  rearing and grazing of cows at the forest edge and in coconut plantations provide an ideal medium for the growth and development of flies. This study aimed to identify the diversity and abundance of fly species found on cows grazing in two habitat types: forest edge habitat and coconut plantation,located at  the Tangkoko Nature Reserve in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was conducted from April 2021 to June 2021 using 24 Ongole Crossbred cows including three adult males and three adult females (250-300 kg) and three males and three female calves (60-75 kg) in each habitat. Flies were collected using two fly nets that were swung along the cows in each habitat type with ten swings. The flies collected were identified based on morphology.  A total of 6,982 flies were collected and identified to the following taxonomic groups: Muscidae family (Haematobia exigua 91.21%, Stomoxys calcitrans 1.65%, Musca crassirostris 0.67%, S. indicus 0.54%, S. sitiens 0.42%, and Musca domestica 0.11%), and Tabanidae family (Tabanus factiosus 4.91%, Tabanus striatus 0.47%, and Chrisops sp. 0.01%). The abundance of Haematobia exigua in the coconut plantation habitat was higher than in the forest edges, while the number of T. factiosus at the forest edges was higher than in the coconut plantations. Our results confirm that the presence of a variety of fly species and their abundance depends part on the grazing  habitat of the cows. Further study of fly species diversity and pathogen status is critical to provide epidemiological data needed to develop control strategies to prevent the emergence of zoonotic diseases.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cakalang fish oil addition in ruminant feed on in vitro methane production and fatty acid profiles. This experiment consisted of four treatments which were R0 : feed composing of forage and concentrate at a ratio of 60% : 40% without cakalang fish oil (CFO) addition as control feed; R1: R0 added with CFO at 2.5%; R2: R0 added with CFO at 5%, and R3: R0 added with CFO at 7.5%. Fermentation with rumen fluid was done using the Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT); feeds were incubated at 39 o C for 72 hours. At the end of fermentation, samples were obtained and methane production and fatty acid profiles were determined. The experiment was conducted in completely randomised design with four replications. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and differences among treatment means were analysed using Duncan multiple range test. Results showed that CFO supplementation affected (P<0.05) methane production, protozoa numbers and NH 3 concentration; whereas the other parameters, i.e. VFA concentration, pH, and microbial protein were not affected. Some fatty acid profiles were influenced by treatments, such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic (P<0.05), while others, i.e. lauric and miristic were not affected. It is concluded that the best level of CFO supplementation is 5% as this level reduces methane production and increases unsaturated fatty acids without any negative effects on other variables measured.Keywords: cakalang fish oil, fatty acids, in vitro fermentation, methane, gas test ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menguji pengaruh suplementasi minyak ikan cakalang ke dalam ransum ternak ruminansia terhadap produksi gas metan dan profil asam lemak in vitro. Perlakuan terdiri atas empat perlakuan ransum, yaitu R0: ransum yang terdiri atas hijauan dan konsentrat dengan rasio 60% : 40% tanpa penambahan minyak ikan cakalang (MIC) sebagai ransum kontrol; R1: R0 yang disuplementasi dengan 2,5% MIC; R2: R0 yang disuplementasi dengan 5% MIC; R3: R0 yang disuplementasi dengan 7,5% MIC. Fermentasi in vitro dilakukan dengan menggunakan tes gas Hohenheim (TGH); ransum perlakuan difermentasi pada suhu 39 o C selama 72 jam. Pada waktu akhir fermentasi, dilakukan pengambilan sampel untuk pengukuran produksi gas metan dan profil asam lemak. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat replikasi. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam, dan perbedaan di antara perlakuan diuji dengan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan mempengaruhi produksi gas metan, jumlah protozoa, dan konsentrasi NH₃ (P<0,05); sedangkan peubah lainnya, seperti konsentrasi VFA, pH, and sintesis protein mikrobia tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata. Beberapa profil asam lemak yang dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan adalah palmitat, stearat, oleat, linoleat, dan linolenat, serta konsentrasi SAFA dan UFA (P<0,05). Beberapa asam lemak lainnya, seperti asam laurat dan miristat, menunjukkan tidak berbeda nyata. Dapat disimpulkan b...

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan ampas kelapa pada pakan ruminansia terhadap reduksi metan secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan cairan rumen dengan substrat hijauan dan konsentrat dengan perbandingan 60:40. Percobaan ini terdiri dari lima macam perlakuan ampas kelapa yakni: R1: tanpa penambahan ampas kelapa; R2: substrat pakan dengan penambahan ampas kelapa 5%; R3: substrat pakan dengan penambahan ampas kelapa 10%; R4: Substrat pakan dengan penambahan ampas kelapa 15% dan R5 substrat pakan dengan penambahan ampas kelapa 20%. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan empat kali ulangan. Fermentasi dilakukan menggunakan Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) pada suhu 39 o C selama 72 jam. Pada akhir fermentasi dilakukan pengukuran gas metan, parameter fermentasi, aktivitas mikrobia, kecernaan nutrient dan profil asam lemak cairan rumen. Data dianalisa menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dan dilanjutkan dengan Duncan test (DMRT) untuk perbedaan rataan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa produksi metan mengalami penurunan sekitar 13,74%-17,39 % ketika pakan diberi ampas kelapa sebanyak 15-20%. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ampas kelapa 15-20% dalam pakan ruminansia dapat mereduksi gas metan serta tidak mengganggu aktivitas mikrobia pada fermentasi cairan rumen secara in vitro. Supplementasi ampas kelapa tersebut dapat dijadikan acuan dalam mendesain pakan penghambat metanogenik.Kata kunci : metan, ampas kelapa, fermentasi rumen, gas tes, parameter fermentasi ABSTRACTThis experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the adding of coconut pulp in ruminant feed on methane reduction in vitro. Rumen fluid and substrate of forage and concentrate in ratio 60:40 were in this study. This experiment consisted of five treatments of coconut pulp as followed: R1: feed substrates without the coconut pulp; R2: substrate feed with coconut pulp 5%; R3: substrate feed with coconut pulp 10%; R4: Substrate feed with coconut pulp 15% and R5: substrate feed with coconut pulp 20%. Each treatment was conducted to four replications. Fermentation was done using the Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) incubated at 39 o C for 72 hours. At the end of fermentation was determined production of methane, parameters of fermentation, microbial activity, feed digestibility and fatty acids profile of the ruminal fluid. Data obtained were analyzed by using analysis of variance using completely randomized design. The differences of mean values were analyzed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). The results showed that methane production has decreased about 13.74%-17.39% when the feed was given coconut dregs 15-20%. Based on the results of the study was concluded that the supplementation of coconut pulp up to 15-20% of 100% dry matter can be used as a substrate of ruminant feed, because it can reduce methane and does not interfere the microbial activity in the fermentation of rumen fluid through in vitro. The supplementation of coconut pulp can be a referencein 202 J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 42(3):202-209, September 2017 ...

THE EFFECT OF IMMERATION IN TANIN EXTRACT SOLUTION OF AVOCADO SEED ON THE INTERNAL QUALITY OF CHICKEN EGGS. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the use of the tannin extract solution of avocado seeds on the internal quality of eggs. The materials used were one day old chicken eggs, avocado seeds, aquades. The treatments in this study consisted of R1: eggs without immersion stored for 14 days, R2: eggs without immersion were stored for 21 days, R3: eggs were soaked with a concentration of 10% stored for 14 days, R4: eggs were soaked with a concentration 10% was stored for 21 days, R4: eggs were soaked at a concentration of 20% stored for 14 days, R5: eggs were soaked with a concentration of 20% stored for 21 days, R7: eggs were soaked at a concentration of 30% stored for 14 days and R8: Eggs were soaked at a concentration of 30% are stored for 21 days. This research was conducted for 21 days. Eggs were immersed for 1 day with a solution of avocado seed tannin extract and stored for 14 and 21 days of observation at room temperature. The variables measured consisted of albumin index (IPT), yolk index (IKT), haugh units (HU), percentage of egg weight reduction. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The research design used a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. To test the difference in the average treatment using the Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results of research showed that storage for 14 days and 21 days showed different results (P<0.05) for both immersed and non-immersed eggs for all study variables. There was a difference in quality between eggs immersed and not treated (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the difference in the concentration of avocado seed extraction, namely 10, 20, and 30%, did not show any difference (P>0.05) on the quality of eggs, both stored for 14 days and 21 days. The conclusion of this study is that at 14 days of storage, eggs are still considered good when soaked with a solution of avocado seed extract at a concentration of 10-30%.  Keywords: eggs, avocado seeds, internal quality of egg

UTILIZATION OF PANGI SEED EXTRACTED (Pangium  edule  Reinw) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL PRESERVATIVES IN BROILER MEAT. This study aims to find out the effect of the use of pangi seed extract (Pangium edule  ReinW) on the shelf life and durability of broiler. It has been held in. The Ingredients used in this study were fresh broiler meat, the seed of pangi (Pangium edule reinw), water, aquadest and media for NA. This study using Complete Randomized Design of split plot design pattern 3x4 consists of treatment of concentration level  of Pangium edule reinw  seed extracted A0 : 0 mL, A1 : 3 mL, A2 : 6 mL, A3 : 9 mL and observation time, B0: 0 hours, B1: 6 hours and B2: 12 hours  at  room  on  27 °C. These treatments were replicated 3 times. The  results of statistical analysis showed  that the  use of pangi seed extract and  long storage had a real effect (P>0.05) on total microbes, non significantly effect (P<0.05) on moisture and pH  of  broiler meat.  Based on the observations can be concluded that the solution of pangi seed extracted  can be injected 9 mL to broiler meat and  can maintain quality for 12 hours at room temperature.Keywords : Broiler meat, Pangi seed extract, Preservation.