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Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) thin films yield excellent surface passivation of silicon solar cells. However, unwanted delamination, known as blisters, can occur upon annealing. In this research, blistering is linked to hydrogen diffusion in the bulk. Results reveal competition between diffusion lateral and perpendicular to the interface. Therefore, large blister densities coincide with small blister diameters and vice versa. The total blister volume, however, is independent of blister size distribution, but linked to hydrogen diffusion from the Al 2 O 3 bulk. The blister volume was determined using AFM measurements, which show identical blister shapes for different blister sizes. Additionally, no direct relationship between blister formation and minority carrier was found.

Experimental data are presented on the production of field-reversed deuterium plasma by a modified coaxial plasma gun. The coaxial gun is constructed with solenoid coils along the inner and outer electrodes that, together with an external guide field solenoid, form a magnetic cusp at the gun muzzle. The net flux inside the inner electrode is arranged to be opposite the external guide field and is the source offield-reversed flux trapped by the plasma. The electrode length is 145 cm, the diameter of the inner (outer) electrode is 15 cm (32 cm). The gun discharge is driven with a 232-/lF 40-k V capacitor bank. Acceleration of plasma through the magnetic cusp at the gun muzzle results in entrainment offield-reversed flux that is detected by magnetic probes 75 cm from the gun muzzle. Field-reversed plasma has been produced for a variety of experimental conditions. In one typical case, the guide magnetic field was Bo = 4.8 kG and the change in axial magnetic field .::iB, normalized to Bo was .::iB,/Bo = -3.1. Total field-reversed flux (poloidal flux) obtained by integrating .::iB, profiles is in the range 2 X 10 3 kG cm 2 • Measurement of the orthogonal field component indicates a sizable toroidal field peaked off axis at r~ 10 cm with a magnitude of roughly one-half the poloidal field component that is measured on magnetic axis. Reconnection of the poloidal field lines has not been established for the data reported in the paper and will be addressed in future experiments which attempt to trap and confine the field-reversed plasma in a magnetic mirror.

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The formation of a negative hydrogen ion beam by surface conversion of a positive ion beam on cesiated tungsten surfaces Summary Abstract: Sputtering of negative carbon ions from cesiated graphite surfaces