Vanadium is a gray body‐centered cubic metal. When highly pure, it is very soft and ductile. Vanadium is widely distributed through out the earth, but in low abundance. Traces of vanadium have been found in meteorites and seawater.Vanadium is recovered in the U.S. as a principal mine product, as a coproduct or byproduct from uranium–vanadium ores, and from ferrophosphorus. The steel industry accounts for the majority of the world's consumption of vanadium as an additive to steel. It is used in the steel industry as ferrovanadium alloy. Vanadium metal and its alloys pose no particular health or safety hazard. Vanadium compounds can be irritants. Other than steel industry use, vanadium is used in nuclear reactors, as superconductors, catalysts, and batteries. New battery technology such as the vanadium redox battery and the vanadium in lithium batteries show promise in the field of green energy. These batteries can store electricity that can be released in a very short amount of time. They are also being tested in the new generation of hybrid automobiles.
Vanadium is widely distributed throughout the earth but in low abundance. Trace amounts of vanadium have been found in meteorites and seawater, and it has been identified in the spectrum of many stars, including the earth’s sun. The occurrence of vanadium in oak and beech trees and some forms of aquatic sea life indicates its biological importance. Physical properties, chemical properties, manufacture, fabrication, economic aspects, health and safety factors, and uses are thoroughly discussed.
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