BACKGROUND:Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its correlation with the prognosis for patients with lung cancer.METHODS:The expression status of VEGFs and VEGFRs was examined in 48 nonconsecutive specimens of primary lung cancer by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between the expression of VEGFs and VEGFRs and clinicopathologic parameters were analyzed.RESULTS:Nineteen of 48 samples (39.6%) were moderately/highly immunoreactive for VEGF‐A, 6 samples (12.5%) were reactive for VEGF‐B, 14 samples (29.2%) were reactive for VEGF‐C, 11 samples (22.9%) were reactive for VEGF‐D, 20 samples (41.7%) were reactive for VEGFR1, 26 samples (54.2%) were reactive for VEGFR2, 20 samples (41.7%) were reactive for VEGFR3, and 19 samples (39.6%) were reactive for nuclear expression of VEGFR3. Patients with moderate/high VEGF‐C, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 expression had worse survival, whereas patients with moderate/high VEGF‐D and nuclear VEGFR3 expression had better survival. After adjusting according to tumor stage, VEGF‐B and VEGF‐D expression had a significant correlation with worse survival in patients with stage I and II disease. Patients with stage III and IV disease who had VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 expression had worse survival, whereas the expression of VEGF‐D was correlated significantly with better survival. Finally, stage, VEGF‐D expression, and VEGFR1 expression were significantly independent prognostic predictors.CONCLUSIONS:The results of the current study indicated that the over‐expression of VEGFs and VEGFRs plays an important role in the survival of patients with NSCLC. The inclusion of angiogenic factors in the standard pathologic study of lung cancer may improve the clinical evaluation of patients with NSCLC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.

Elevated VEGF serum levels have a negative prognostic impact on survival in NSCLC and early stages of lung cancer patients.

Bromfenac is the best tolerated and is more effective than diclofenac and nepafenac in reducing CME after phacoemulsification.

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We have examined for the presence or absence of T cell receptor V-alpha (VA) and V-beta (VB) gene expression in infiltrating T lymphocytes (ITL) isolated from Graves' thyroid glands in comparison to paired peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) samples using a qualitative based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Sequence specific oligonucleotides for VA and VB T cell receptor gene (TCR) families that had previously been validated in other studies, were used for the PCR analysis, followed by Southern blot hybridization with a labelled, internal C-region primer. A total of seven Graves' disease patients who had been treated with carbimazole were studied. T cell receptor VA and VB gene usage was examined in freshly isolated, unstimulated ITLs from five patients. A widespread usage of VA and VB gene families with 12 to 18 families being used was apparent. Use of oligo-dT or C-region priming of the mRNA prior to reverse transcription of the mRNA did not have any significant affect on the results nor did the use of whole Graves' thyroid mRNA as the starting material (n = 2) or perfusion of one gland with saline to remove as much of the contaminating blood from the gland. Our results contrast with those of Davies and colleagues who have previously shown a restricted repertoire of VA gene families in ITLs in comparison to autologous PBLs, and are much more in line with other recent reports indicating a diverse VA repertoire of the infiltrating T cells in Graves' thyroid glands derived from patients treated with anti-thyroid drugs.

Aim: Evaluate the serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the prognosis of lung cancer patients. Methods: Fifty-four serum samples were analyzed for VEGF concentrations (79.3% nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 20.7% small cell lung cancer). Results: Patients with serum VEGF-A levels higher than the mean of the patients studied (434.93 pg/mL) presented a shorter median survival time than those with lower levels (p = .04), as in patients with NSCLC tumors (p = .04) and in those with stages I-II (p < .05), and high serum VEGF-A levels. Conclusion: Elevated VEGF serum levels have a negative prognostic impact on survival in NSCLC and early stages of lung cancer patients.

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