The aim of this study was to determine the radiation doses to paediatric patients of different age groups at three large hospitals for optimisation purposes. The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) values were determined from the measured X-ray output values using calibrated ionisation chamber, TW 233612 and clinical patient parameters. The air kerma-area product (KAP) values were measured using a calibrated Diamentor E2 system. The volume computed tomography dose index (CTDI vol ) and dose length product (DLP) values were obtained from the computed tomography (CT) equipment verified by a calibrated CT chamber, Unifors Xi CT. Irrespective of age groups, the results show that the median ESAK values ranged from 62.6 to 248.1 mGy. The median KAP values ranged from 135.6 to 1612 mGy cm 2 , while the median DLP values ranged from 119.1 to 600 mGy cm. Analysis of the results indicates that optimisation can be achieved through good practice awareness and patient dose and image quality evaluations.
Data on occupational radiation exposure using the thermoluminescence dosimetry methodology in Tanzania for the years 1996-2010 are analysed and discussed. The results of the analysis indicate that over 80 % of the total collective dose was from diagnostic radiology. In addition, <1 % of workers received annual individual doses above 5 mSv, and there were no doses that exceeded the recommended limit of 20 mSv y(-1), except for one incidence in non-destructive testing. Furthermore, the trends in occupational exposure remained approximately constant and largely within the ranges of average doses in the literature. The status and trends in occupational exposure demonstrate that radiation protection conditions at the majority of workplace were adequate. Despite that, further optimisation is necessary due to large variations observed in the maximum individual doses over three 5-y sub-periods.
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