Paediatric Doses During Some Common X-Ray Procedures at Selected Referral Hospitals in Tanzania

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the radiation doses to paediatric patients of different age groups at three large hospitals for optimisation purposes. The entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) values were determined from the measured X-ray output values using calibrated ionisation chamber, TW 233612 and clinical patient parameters. The air kerma-area product (KAP) values were measured using a calibrated Diamentor E2 system. The volume computed tomography dose index (CTDI vol ) and dose length product (DLP) values were obtained from the computed tomography (CT) equipment verified by a calibrated CT chamber, Unifors Xi CT. Irrespective of age groups, the results show that the median ESAK values ranged from 62.6 to 248.1 mGy. The median KAP values ranged from 135.6 to 1612 mGy cm 2 , while the median DLP values ranged from 119.1 to 600 mGy cm. Analysis of the results indicates that optimisation can be achieved through good practice awareness and patient dose and image quality evaluations.

Nanoporous gold: a hierarchical and multiscale 3D test pattern for characterizing X-ray nano-tomography systems

“…After reconstruction, the contrastto-noise ratio (CNR) between the Au and air was measured in ten different slices (original 32-bit grey-level scale) using equation (1), as proposed by Muhogora et al (2008), where I is the intensity and is the standard deviation of the quantified grey-level values inside a considered circular region of interest (area, 0.08 mm 2 ) of either Au or air,…”

Estimation of Radiation Dose from Most Common Pediatrics Radiographic Examinations within Main Central Hospitals in Najaf City, Iraq

“…Accordingly, the radiation protection of pediatric patient was the focus of many national and international communities. These communities aim to create awareness on the importance of pediatric radiological procedures justification minimizing the risk of radiation-induced cancer from unnecessary radiation 7,8 . The rapid developments of different medical imaging procedures, which involve ionizing radiation, lead to an increase in the level of radiation exposure to pediatric population.…”

“…As a sequence, the pediatric examinations constitute 10% of radiological examinations giving evidence that the pediatric examinations are not well justified 11,12 . To address this, many radiation protection committees manage to introduce recommendations for pediatric radiography 5,13 . In radiologic procedures, many factors can result in undesirable radiation exposure effects.…”