Five-year trials (2011-2015) were accomplished in a continuous field experiment conducted at the Production and Research Station in Bałcyny. The experiment was set up on a luvisol medium soil, derived from light loam with the objective of evaluating the response of two winter triticale varieties (Pigmej and Cyrkon) to cultivation without protection (O), chemical weed control (H) and combined protection against weeds and fungi (HF). Comparisons were made in two crop sequence systems: cultivation of winter triticale varieties in a 6-field crop rotation and cultivation in a 19-23-year-long monoculture. The results showed that the plant sequence system significantly differentiated the response of winter triticale varieties to the applied levels of field protection. Significantly higher grain yield gains of the winter triticale varieties in response to the application of herbicides or herbicides with fungicides were obtained in the monoculture than in the crop rotation. In the crop rotation, a higher increase in yields induced by the applied plant protection treatments was achieved by the variety Cyrkon. In the monoculture, the response of both varieties to the herbicides applied was nearly identical, while the combined application of herbicides and fungicides raised the yields of var. Pigmej higher than those of var. Cyrkon. Overall for the plant protection levels, var. Cyrkon yielded higher than var. Pigmej by 18.1% more in the crop rotation and by 26.9% in the monoculture. At the same time, var. Cyrkon demonstrated a weaker response to being grown in the monoculture than var. Pigmej did. The average yield of the former was reduced by 21.1%, whereas the latter yielded 26.6% less grain.
The object of the study was fungous diseases occurring on roots, leave sheaths and stem base of winter wheat in the two opposing cropping systems (organic and conventional). The observations were made in vegetation periods (2007-2009) in the fields of winter wheat in northern Poland. Every year on each plot of compared farming systems root rot occurred (Fusarium spp., Gaeumannomyces graminis and other fungi). For the period of 3 years the degree of disease injury on the roots of winter wheat grown in the conventional system in the vegetation period increased, while in the organic one remained on pretty the same level. On average a lot more affected roots, especially in the flowering stage, occurred on the winter wheat grown in the conventional system. Fusarium foot rot (Fusarium spp.) developed on the wheat during the entire vegetation period. It was the most dangerous root and foot rot disease (the highest indexes of injury). The mean degree of disease injury on leave sheath was on pretty the same level in the two farming systems, although in investigated vegetation periods differed a lot, whereas at the bases of stems the pathogen was on the higher level on the wheat in the conventional system. Also eyespot (Tapesia yallude) developed in the entire vegetation period of the winter wheat, but its intensity was much lower than in case of fusarium foot rot. Leave sheaths of the wheat grown in the conventional system were slightly stronger affected than those grown in the organic system. In the flowering stage the intensity of the disease in both farming systems became equal, while in the wax maturity it was considerably higher in the conventional system. Sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia spp.) appeared relatively late and occurred only in two years of investigation. The intensiveness of the disease was definitely higher on the organic plots. Among the affected roots, taken in the stem elongation stage, from the organic system 28 cultures of fungi were isolated, and from the conventional one 24 colonies. Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 35.8% of isolates obtained from the organic system and as many as 66.7% from the conventional system. Among the affected roots, taken in the flowering stage, from the organic system 68 cultures of fungi were isolated in all, and from the conventional one 25 colonies. Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 38.2% of isolates obtained from the organic system and 56.0% from the conventional system. Among the affected stem bases, taken in the wax maturity stage, from the organic system 56 cultures of fungi were isolated in all, and from the conventional one 52 colonies. Cereals pathogenic fungi amounted 48.4% of isolates obtained from the organic system and 53.6% from the conventional system. In the case of all root and foot rot diseases of wheat grown in the organic system, an advantageous influence of greater biodiversity and number of various fungi species living in root proximity was noticed as opposed to the conventional system.
Isuluies of <i>Rhizoctonia cerealis</i> anastomosis group GAG-1 were obtained from sharp eyespot lesions on wheat and on barley culms and from diseased sugar beet seedlings. Isolates of <i>R. cerealis</i> were collected from a fields with crop rotation experiments: sugar beet-spring wheat-winter barley. In pathogenicity tests isolates of <i>R. cerealis</i> from sugar beet seedlings and from sharp eyespot lesions on wheat and barley were pathogenic to these crops. Isolates of <i>R. cerealis</i> from sharp eyespot lesions on wheat and barley caused severe damping-ofTof sugar beet. Isolates of <i>R. cerealis</i> from sugar beet seedlings also caused symptoms of sharp eyespot on wheat and barley. None of the wheat and barley isolates of <i>R. cerealis</i> tested caused root-rot on wheat or barley seedlings. Isolates of <i>R. cerealis</i> obtained from diseased plants of wheat, barley and sugar beet were similar in morphology of cultures and anastomosed with GAG-1 tester isolate. The relatinoship between anastomosis. colony characters, growth rate, hyphal diameter and pathogenicity of AG-4. AG-2-2 and AG-5 isolates obtained together with <i>R. cerealis</i> from diseased plants were also investigated.
<i>Rhizoctonia</i>-like fungi were isolated from the roots of discased wheat and barley plants sampled from the centre and periphery of bare patches and from apparently healthy plants from outside of the patches. Of the isolates recovered. 89% were multinucleate and belonged to <i>R. solani</i> anastomosis groups: AG-8, AG-2-2 and AG-4. The remaining isolates were binucleate <i>Rhizoctonia</i> spp. The multinucleate isolates of <i>R. solani</i> were all pathogenic. All the binucleate isolates were non-pathogenic. The AG-8 isolates of <i>R. solani</i> were obtained morę frequently from the plants within the patches than outside the patches. The highly virulent isolates of AG-8 were not found outside the patches. Isolates of anastomosis groups AG-2-2, AG-4 and saprotrophic isolates of AG-8 noted less frequently within the patches.
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