Introduction. Environmental factors can cause a gain in prevalence of a significant number of diseases in the population. The effect of various components on the body of children and adolescents becomes especially relevant on the territory of an industrial city, due to its increased sensitivity to adverse effects in connection with the ongoing processes of both growth and development. The article presents the results of an assessment of the non-carcinogenic risk to the health of the children living in the industrial city of Orenburg. Material and methods. The results of laboratory studies of atmospheric air, water from centralized sources of water supply and food products as sources of potential health risks for children living in the city of Orenburg were evaluated. Hygienic and statistical research methods were used. Results. In the industrial city, the priority media that form a high risk of developing non-carcinogenic effects were found to be contaminated food and drinking water, which create a high and very high non-carcinogenic risk for hormonal (up to HI = 13.8), cardiovascular (up to HI = 18.3), central nervous systems (up to HI = 8.3) in children and adolescents and effects on the blood (up to HI = 19.0) and kidneys (up to HI = 8.8), as well as atmospheric air when exposed to the respiratory system (HI = 7.2), which may be one of the reasons for the deviation in their state of health at the population level. Conclusion. The complex multicomponent impact of risk factors on children living in an industrial city is a well-studied problem, the relevance of which does not decrease. Modern concepts of risk assessment make it possible to identify priority environments and their contaminants, which, of course, makes management decisions more focused both at the population and individual levels. The priority media were established to be contaminated with drinking water and contaminated food products, which form a high non-carcinogenic risk for the hormonal, cardiovascular, central nervous systems of children and adolescents and the effect on blood in the long-term dynamics, which may be one of the causes of deviations in their state health at the population level.
The ability to rearrange behavior in response to the appearance of danger signals is a necessary condition for an individual's survival. However, the structural and neurochemical mechanisms underlying acute shifts in behavioral programs in response to the appearance of stimuli with high motivational significance have received insufficient study. The brain structures involved in these processes may include the medial sector of the nucleus accumbens (mNA), in the ventral striatal area, which plays an important role in motivation and reinforcement processes [9,17,20]. It has been suggested that the organization of the neural networks of all parts of the striatum, including the mNA, is based on mechanisms supporting the selection and switching of behavioral programs [10,18,21,23], these being based largely on lateral inhibition via the axon collaterals of the GABAergic projection neurons of this structure (95% of the population) [23]. In the mNA, glutamatergic afferent inputs from the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex converge on these neurons in a variety of combinations, carrying information on the novelty, the motivational and emotional significance of incoming signals, and the spatial context, as well as possible variants of behavioral responses (see [14,20]). These same neurons connect the mNA with brain areas involved in mediating the basal forms of feeding and the defensive exploratory behavior activated on receipt of reinforcement [14,15]. It has been suggested that as a result of lateral inhibition, the strongest input signal, reflecting the dominant motivation, and its associated behavioral program are not only sent for execution, but also inhibit the conduction of weaker (i.e., less significant) signals transmitted via parallel channels [23]. This suggestion is supported by the previously demonstrated involvement of the mNA in the inhibition of feeding behavior by danger signals [4,26,30] and our recent studies have shown that competition between the defensive and exploratory behavioral strategies occurs with the involvement of the nitrergic system of the mNA [3]. In particular, we showed that presentation during exploratory behavior of danger signals decreasing exploration activity inhibited the exploratory behavior-induced increase in the extracellular citrulline (a coproduct of NO synthesis) level in the mNA [3].Vital intracerebral microdialysis experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that presentation during exploratory behavior of a tone previously combined with pain stimulation decreased exploratory activity and inhibited the exploratory behavior-induced increase in the extracellular citrulline (a co-product of NO synthesis) level in the medial sector of the nucleus accumbens. Administration of the GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline (20 μM) into the medial sector of the nucleus accumbens firstly produced partial recovery of the increase in the extracellular citrulline level in this structure induced by exploratory behavior ...
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