The outcome of displaced hips treated by Somerville and Scott's method was assessed after more than 25 years. A total of 147 patients (191 displaced hips) was reviewed which represented an overall follow-up of 65.6%. The median age at the index operation was two years. During the first five years, 25 (13%) hips showed signs of avascular change. The late development of valgus angulation of the neck, after ten years, was seen in 69 (36%) hips. Further operations were frequently necessary. Moderate to severe osteoarthritis developed at a young age in 40% of the hips. Total hip replacement or arthrodesis was necessary in 27 (14%) hips at a mean age of 36.5 years. Risk factors identified were high dislocation, open reduction, and age at the original operation. Two groups of patients were compared according to outcome. All the radiographic indices were different between the two groups after ten years, but most were similar before. It takes a generation to establish the prognosis, although some early indicators may help to predict outcome.
Cytokines and proteases are thought to play a role in the destruction of cartilage and the development of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to document chronological involvement of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), stromelysin (MMP-3), fibronectin, and alteration in the chondroitin sulphate sulfation pattern. Canine patellae underwent a closed-joint impact to induce the development of osteoarthritis. The animals were killed at 2, 12, 24, and 52 weeks. The patellar damage included cracks in the superficial zone of cartilage and the zone of the calcified cartilage-bone interface, vertical step-off fractures in the zone of calcified cartilage, and loss of proteoglycan around the cracks in the deep and superficial zones of cartilage. With avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry, these specimens were stained with antibodies to IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, MMP-3, fibronectin, and altered proteoglycan sulfate with the monoclonal antibody 3-B-3. Three of the four specimens obtained at 2 weeks demonstrated a strong cellular and weak matrix staining pattern for IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, MMP-3, and fibronectin around the cracks in the superficial and transitional zones of cartilage. No consistent staining pattern was noted in the cracks in the deep zone. None of the specimens obtained at 12, 24, or 52 weeks stained for these antibodies. No staining for the abnormal sulfation with the 3-B-3 antibody was evident in any specimen. The specimens obtained at 52 weeks showed healing of the step-off fractures and a filling-in of the proteoglycan loss. This model probably reflects the short-term cartilaginous changes in the patella after trauma; thus, only transient elevations in the cytokines and proteases were evident.
Growth plate injuries may lead to a progressive angular deformity or longitudinal growth disturbance. The authors investigated the feasibility of gene therapy and tissue engineering based on autologous muscle-and adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) to treat tibial physeal defects in rabbits. The medial half of the left proximal tibial growth plate was completely excised in 44 6-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. Four experimental groups were created: no treatment (I), autologous muscle interposition (II), autologous muscle interposition injected with adIGF-1 (III), and autologous muscle interposition injected with adBMP-2 (IV). Radiographic and histologic assessments were obtained postoperatively. Significant tibial shortening and a compact osseous bridge were observed in groups I and IV. Growth plates remained open in groups II and III. This experiment demonstrates that IGF-1 had a supportive effect on physeal chondrocytes, while BMP-2 caused increased osteogenic activity in the injured growth plates.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.