Adding conductive carbon fillers to insulating thermoplastic resins increases composite shielding effectiveness. In this study, varying amounts of three different carbons (carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and carbon nanotubes) were added to polypropylene resin. The resulting single filler composites were tested for shielding effectiveness. The effects of single fillers and combinations of two different carbon fillers were studied via a factorial design. At the highest single filler loadings, the following shielding effectiveness results were obtained at 800 MHz: 23.4 dB for 10 wt% carbon black/polypropylene, 34.7 dB for 70 wt% synthetic graphite/polypropylene, and 45.9 dB for 15 wt% carbon nanotubes/polypropylene. The factorial results indicated that for the composites containing only single fillers, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, and synthetic graphite cause a statistically significant increase in composite shielding effectiveness. All composites containing combinations of two different fillers had a statistically significant effect which increased shielding effectiveness. The shielding effectiveness values for the 2.5 wt% carbon black/65 wt% synthetic graphite/polypropylene and 65 wt% synthetic graphite/6 wt% carbon nanotubes/polypropylene composites are >60 dB, which is higher than that of many metals.
Addition of osmolytes causes viruses-coated AuNPs to aggregate and not protein-coated AuNPs. Ligand-free detection of virus was developed without the need for prior knowledge of the specific virus target.
Background
Therapeutic protein manufacturing would benefit by having an arsenal of ways to inactivate viruses. There have been many publications on the virus inactivation ability of arginine at pH 4.0, but the mechanism of this inactivation is unknown. This study explored how virus structure and solution conditions enhance virus inactivation by arginine and leads to a better understanding of the mechanism of virus inactivation by arginine.
Results
Large diameter viruses from the Herpesviridae family (SuHV‐1, HSV‐1) with loosely packed lipids were highly inactivated by arginine, whereas small diameter, enveloped viruses (equine arteritis virus (EAV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)) with tightly packed lipids were negligibly inactivated by arginine. To increase the inactivation of viruses resistant to arginine, arginine‐derivatives and arginine peptides were tested. Derivates and peptides demonstrated that a greater capacity for clustering and added hydrophobicity enhanced virus inactivation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detected increases in virus size after arginine exposure, supporting the mechanism of lipid expansion.
Conclusions
Arginine most likely interacts with the lipid membrane to cause inactivation. This is shown by larger viruses being more sensitive to inactivation and expansion of the viral size. The enhancement of arginine inactivation when increased hydrophobic molecules are present or arginine is clustered demonstrates a potential mechanism of how arginine interacts with the lipid membrane.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.